德国会计模式及借鉴

德国会计模式除了具有较为明显的债权人利益导向之外,还具有保护公司利益的导向。德国会计模式的特点,突出地表现在会计模式基于宏观控制而非微观实用,会计制度及实务深受《公司法》和《税法》的影响,并强调会计处理的谨慎性。德国会计模式在稳健原则的借鉴、民族诚信意识的提升、会计监管机制与会计法律体系完善等方面都具有重要的借鉴意义。     

日本会计模式对我国的启示

会计模式是为实现会计目标,由各种要素构成的具有特定功能的会计工作标准形态。它反映了会计工作的理论基础和具体会计工作的主要特点。世界各国的会计模式尽管有许多共同特征,但由于政治、经济、文化、历史等因素的影响而存在着一定的差异。如果按会计目标划分世界会计模式的话,日本会计堪称。微观经济导向会计模式’的典范。探讨日本会计模式特征,     

国际主流会计模式及我国会计国际化的选择

一、国际主流会计模式介绍 由于社会经济和历史原因，世界上形成了不同的会计模式。西方会计学者Nobes在Mueller的基础上，提出了等级体系的假设型分类模式。他将西方财务报告计量实务划分为两大类：以微观经济为基础的会计模式和以宏观经济为基础的会计模式。微观经济基础下，各国在选择会计模式时的侧重点不同，其会计模式的选择也不相同。有的侧重从企业微观经济理论出发，有的则侧重于从企业实务、实用主义出发；宏观经济基础下，受政府税收、法律以及宏观经济理论的影响，各国采用的会计模式也不相同。结合各国产权基础、经济决策类型和宏观调控方式的差异，我们可以将西方各国的会计模式划分为三种模式。即市场主导型会计模式（代表国家美国和英国）、     

中马租赁会计准则比较

中国与东盟各国租赁业务的不断发展使得我们有必要关注中国和东盟各国租赁会计准则的异同.文章以中国和马来西亚的租赁会计准则为研究对象,通过对两国的租赁分类、融资租赁会计处理、经营租赁会计处理等方面进行比较和分析,发现两国的相关规定大体一致,但在融资租赁的认定等方面还存在一些差异.     

美英法日证券市场会计监管模式的对比与启示

由于各国的历史、文化、政治以及法律等方面的不同,各国的会计环境也不同,因此证券市场会计监管方面存在诸多差异.在比较研究各国证券市场会计监管体系的诸多要素时,根据证券市场的发育程度,才能更客观地比较出差异.     

关于我国会计国际协调的认识与思考

随着资本市场持续发展,对外开放程度不断加深,各国为增加财务会计报告的可理解性和可比性,都不约而同地在会计准则及惯例方面走向趋同。我国会计国际化进程相对滞后,在准则和惯例等方面仍与国际上存在诸多差异,这些差异令财务信息的透明度及可比性大幅降低。文章在全球会计趋同背景下,根据中国会计规范与实务体系发展的现实情况及制约因素,在构建市场机制为导向的财务概念框架、完善会计准则执行机制、培养国际型会计从业人员等方面提出了促进我国会计国际协调的有效手段。     

试论德国的会计规范体系和会计准则管理体系

德国的会计实务体系是北欧各国如荷兰、丹麦、瑞士等国的会计实务体系的代表,加上德国的成文法体系在世界范围内的影响,人们普遍把该会计实务体系称为德国会计模式。该模式指的是德国统一前西德的会计实务体系,两     

中美会计高等教育的定位差异:基于会计准则导向的思考

美国会计准则以规则为导向,中国会计准则以原则为导向,中美会计准则导向的差异造成两国对会计人才需求的显著不同。因此,需要重新思考中国会计高等教育的定位:何种形式的国际化教育才能培养出适合中国制度背景的会计人才?在剖析原则导向和规则导向内涵差异的基础上,从中美两国的历史角度深入分析了两种准则导向产生的根源,探讨了会计准则导向的差异对会计人才能力需求、会计高等教育内涵的影响。分析认为,由于中美会计准则导向的不同,中美两国会计高等教育的定位也应不同,美国更侧重培养严格遵循规则的会计执行人才,而中国则需要既能完善会计原则背后规则的研究型会计人才又具有较强职业判断能力、能较好执行原则导向会计准则的应用型会计人才。中国的会计高等教育不应盲目模仿美国,会计高等教育的国际化应考虑中国会计准则本身的特点。     

对入世后我国会计国际化问题的探讨

加入WTO后,我国企业将直接融入国际市场的激烈竞争环境中去,会计作为经济管理系统的一个重要组成部分,也必将随着经济环境的变化而一同接受入世的挑战,融于统一的国际会计体系之中,即实现会计国际化。会计国际化是指通过比较,协调处理各国会计制度的差异,寻求各国都能适用和接受的会计模式。它主要表现为各国会计事务处理方法的标准化、规范化和一定程度的趋同化。     

德国—会计—模式—概述

德国是位于欧洲大陆中部的一个联邦制国家。在西方各国中 ,德国以其实行社会市场经济制度而闻名于世。在各国会计模式中 ,德国的会计模式具有独特的特点 ,突出表现在会计制度及实务深受公司法和税法的影响 ,强调会计处理和财务报告面向公司 ,保护公司利益 ,并且会计程序和方法具有统一性的特点。德国会计模式对荷兰、瑞士、瑞典、以色列、丹麦等国产生很大的影响 ,通常国际会计上把这些国家的会计模式统称为“德意志会计模式”。一、德国会计环境概述德国的法律体系属于以成文法为特征的欧洲大陆法系。在德国 ,公司法、商法及税法对公司的各…     

Does bond market development enhance the banking sector’s efficiency in resource allocation? Industry-level evidence from Korea

Korea’s financial system used to be bank-based, with banks playing the leading role in financing corporations. As highlighted by Park et al. (2019), however, bond markets have developed rapidly in Korea and other Asian countries. The corporate bond market competes with banks as a source of finance for large borrowers. As such, bond markets may affect banking sector operation, a process known as disintermediation. In this paper, we examine whether bond market development improves the efficiency of resource allocation in Korean bank lending. We propose two channels through which bond market development affects the efficiency of bank lending. Since the two channels have opposing effects on the efficiency of banking, the issue must be settled by empirical analysis. We find that bank loans are much less efficient than bond financing in allocating resources across industries. Furthermore, banks are particularly inefficient in resource allocation in industries that rely more on bond financing. This suggests that competition from bond financing does not improve allocative efficiency of bank loans.     

The impact of US GAAP reconciliation requirements on choice of foreign stock exchange for firms from common law and code law countries

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate whether the impact of the SEC's Form 20-F reconciliation requirements on non-US firms' choices of foreign stock exchanges was different for firms from common law and code law countries, that is, for firms with different accounting, legal and financial systems. We examined attributes of 253 cross-listed firms from the UK, Australia, France, Germany and Japan in the 1999 financial year. We found the ability to raise further capital in the home market was relevant for firms from both groups. In addition, firms from code law countries listing on the NYSE or NASDAQ were more likely to have greater foreign revenue and lower leverage. We expected differences in accounting requirements to be a greater barrier to listing on the NYSE or NASDAQ for code law firms. However, we found firms from code law countries were more likely to select a Form 20-F exchange than firms from common law countries, providing support for suggestions that a NYSE/NASDAQ cross-listing has a bonding role for code law firms.     

Favoring the small and the plenty: Islamic banking for MSMEs

While MSMEs form the backbone of many countries, most of them suffer from limited access to finance. We extend the literature by examining whether Islamic banks, compared to their conventional peers, favor more the MSMEs credit market segment in Turkey. We do this by considering various aspects of the lending behavior towards MSMEs (total lending, foreign currency lending, loan commitments, loan quality, and revenues) across different MSMEs size categories (micro, small and medium-sized firms). Our results show that once we control for bank-specific characteristics, we find that Islamic banks are more engaged with MSME financing and generate more revenues from servicing MSMEs. Concerning the quality of the MSME lending portfolio, no distinguishable patterns were observed between Islamic and conventional banks.     

A true and fair view on a harmonious and well-balanced alliance: EAA and EIASM

Allegations of creative accounting by management of listed corporations in the UK do not abate. To the extent that these practices distort the underlying reported financial performance of firms, they conflict with the basic aims of accounting regulation – to provide consistent and comparable financial information to users. Studies have shown that accounting choices are influenced by a range of contracting, financing and operational factors. However, we still know little about what constraints exist against the practice of creative accounting and how effective these are. Issues such as the extent to which the press and analysts are successful in restraining creative accounting, and the role the ‘true and fair view’ principle and auditors play in the prevention of such practices still remain unresolved. This article explores these themes by examining the accounting practices of two UK companies which issued a creative financing instrument. Using a combination of interview, documentary, and financial statement information, the analysis shows that management took advantage of gaps in accounting standards to present a biased picture of financial performance. Auditors did not appear to restrain such practices, and the true and fair view principle, rather than unifying accounting practice, appears to tolerate a range of interpretations. Adverse media publicity appears to be a successful deterrent in the medium term, but since the press are not regulators, their reporting is not necessarily consistent or predictable. UK analysts at the time did not evaluate accounting practices in any significant detail, and thus this potential restraint was not effective. Overall, the influences and constraints on creative accounting are illuminated in this study in a way which provides new insights into our understanding of financial reporting.     

Exogenous cash: testing financing constraints on inventory investment using dynamic panels with additional information from annual reports

In spite of the literature’s great interests in firms’ financing constraints on investment, the endogeneity problem between investment and cash flow have long plagued the empirical endeavor. To avoid the problem, we use firms’ nonoperating income, which is shown to be exogenous to profitability, both as a direct measure of liquidity and as an instrumental variable to control for the endogeneity problem of cash flow. Estimation results do not support the financing constraint hypothesis. We also conduct a narrative analysis on firms’ Annual Reports to identify factors causing inventory reduction. We find that accounting adjustments and decreases in market demand are two important factors in investment disinvestment, and financial difficulty does not play an important role in this regard.     

Bank capital regulation,loan contracts,and corporate investment

This paper studies the link between bank capital regulation, bank loan contracts and the allocation of corporate resources across firms’ different business lines. Credit risk is lower when firms write contracts that oblige them to invest mainly into projects with highly tangible assets. We argue that firms have an incentive to choose a contract with overly safe and thus inefficient investments when intermediation costs are increasing in banks’ capital-to-asset ratio. Imposing minimum capital adequacy for banks can eliminate this incentive by putting a lower bound on financing costs.     

解读供应链融资双重模式

主要研究了由两种不同主体所提供的供应链融资模式：物流企业以产业资本为主导和商业银行以金融资本为主导的模式,以UPS和深发展银行为例分析了两种模式的运作特点、优势和在我国具体国情下开展这两种运作模式的限制因素,为银行和物流企业在中国开展供应链融资服务提供参考。     

On the determinant of bank loan contracts: The roles of borrowers’ ownership and board structures

Given the worldwide economic importance of bank loan financing, we empirically investigate the roles of borrowers’ ownership and board structure in bank loan terms through a comprehensive dataset, which includes the complete history of individual bank loan contracts for firms publicly listed in the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE). We find that firms with smaller deviation in shareholder voting and cash flow rights, larger non-retail shareholding, fewer shares pledged by the board of directors, independent directors, and firms without dual boards are more likely to borrow from banks at lower spread. In addition, good governance practices are also associated with larger loan size or longer loan period, suggesting that banks take into account borrowers’ governance practices when designing loan contracts. This fact is consistent with the agency cost and information risk explanations of Bhojraj and Sengupta (2003). Furthermore, this study uncovers that the beneficial effect of good governance practices on bank loan contracting is more pronounced in borrowers with high leverage and poor rating, which implies that the monitoring role of governance is more crucial in risky firms. Our findings are robust to the various characteristics of firms and loans.     

The impact of venture capital financing method on SME performance and internationalization

One of the basic premises of venture capital is leverage, which often means adding money and other resources to speed up growth. As a result, small- to medium-sized venture funded firms are expected to show significant growth at an early stage. Our research examines how equity based-venture funding methods affect SME performance and internationalization. We divide venture capital financing into several categories: incremental financing where firms receive their venture capital funding in portions, lump-sum funding where firms receive their funding in one lump-sum, syndication where two or more external investors participate in a single financing round and non-syndicated financing where one investor participates in a single financing round. The results show that type of equity-based venture capital financing affect performance and internationalization. Annual sales growth rate and annual turnover are used as proxies for performance. Export ratio is used as a proxy for internationalization. Staged financing and financing through a syndicate has a positive effect on performance and internationalization when used separately. We observe a negative effect when syndication and staged financing are used in combination.     

Mixed ownership of industrial firms in Japan: debt financing,banks and vertical keiretsu groups

In the 1980s, Japanese bank-driven corporate governance practices were often said to be part of the explanation for Japan’s economic success. However, these practices became suspected causes of Japan’s continuing recession following the burst of the financial bubble in 1990. Since then Japanese banks have suffered from increasing numbers of non-performing loans. Consequently, banks have become less able to act as the benefactors for Japanese firms. In response to the reduced supply of bank loans, Japanese firms have been exploring issuing corporate bonds and other types of public debt as alternative methods of debt financing. The objective of this paper is to examine empirically how Japanese manufacturers have responded to the deteriorating financial conditions of Japanese banks from a corporate finance perspective. In particular, we are interested in knowing whether Japanese banks’ involvement in corporate governance has declined with the increase in public debt issuances. Our empirical results seem to suggest that Japanese banks play a significant role in their client firms’ issuances of public debt and hence continue to play a significant role in corporate governance.