Whose Human Capital? The Challenge of Value Capture When Capital is Embedded

abstract    Current approaches that position human capital as central to value generation in knowledge-based industries obscure the importance of the relational nature of knowledge production. That is, separable and embodied forms of capital are interdependent in value creation and capture processes. We identify a relational form of capital, embedded capital, which we argue is the critical resource in knowledge-based industries such as professional services firms, because it allows us to include agency and interdependency in the value capture process. These dimensions have previously been overlooked by the resource-based view of the firm. Examples of embedded capital include brand value, processes and procedures. The deployment of embedded capital is also not clearly controlled by either the firm or individual employees. A model is developed to illustrate the links between each form of capital, and the processes of value capture. This conceptual identification of the embedded form of capital is therefore of importance to future value creation and capture debates.     

Human Capital,the Millennial's Reign,and the Need For Servant Leadership

Human capital has been a major emphasis and priority for organizations for the past 15–20 years; however, changing demographics in the workplace dictate that organizations step up these efforts. The current paper explores three generational cohorts, with particular emphasis on the Millennial generation as this cohort will encompass upward of 50% of the workforce by 2020. If organizations want to compete for and retain top Millennial talent, organizations must make themselves attractive to Millennials. This will require that organizations develop a leadership base that is suited to lead Millennials. We suggest that servant leadership is likely the optimal leadership style for creating an organization rich in human capital development and for making an organization a preferred workplace for the Millennial generation.     

Transformational Leadership: The New Challenge for U.S. Unions

The Tichy and Ulrich (1984) framework for transformational leadership is applied within the setting of a number of U.S. trade unions currently undergoing a realignment of their goals and objectives. That framework will be used to delineate both the transformational role being played by leaders in these unions and the opportunities for transformational leadership that are being underutilized.     

我国知青人力资本回报研究——基于分位数回归的实证分析

上山下乡运动类似于一场社会大实验,知青则是在这一特殊历史背景下产生的,本文从分位数回归视角对其人力资本回报进行了探究.数据表明,知青在工作中并不具有人力资本、工作特征等优势,但基准OLS估计表明,知青的教育回报率和工作经验回报率普遍高于非知青组.具体在不同分位数上,各分位数的教育回报率中非知青群体最高,知青次之,“老三届”知青组最低.两种结果的差异可能是由知青、“老三届”知青的教育回报率呈现“U形”趋势所导致的,即回报率随着分位数的提高先减小后增大.     

New Business Development: A Challenge for Transformational Leadership

This article analyzes how the behavior of CEOs of major divisions of corporations who are successful at new business development differ in behavior from those who attempted new business development programs and failed. Successful top managers affected organization transformation via three major differences in leadership behavior. Successful CEOs inspired pervasive commitment throughout their division. They built confidence in their subordinates' ability to develop new business. Finally, they found ways of applying appropriate disciplines to the process, particularly in the ara of management of failure. Challenges for the HRM function in terms of orchestrating these CEO behaviors are discussed.     

人力资本增长与人力资源开发

人力资本积累不仅具有递增收益特征，而且还能部分地替代物质资本，事实上，人力资源已成为全球国民财富中的第一资源，劳动力资源充足是我国惟一的比较优势。因此，根据我国社会发展不同阶段，本文对人力资源开发的需求标准、增长规律以及制约因素作了分析并对我国现行的人力资源开发的体制与政策提出了更为合理的建议。     

人力资本产权的实现方式

人力资本要素作为经济发展的根本动力,为越来越多的人所认识。而现行企业产权制度的不完善,严重制约着人力资本作用的发挥,为了充分发挥人力资本的作用,调动其积极性,必须赋予其产权。本文通过分析认为,人力资本产权的实现方式是产权化。     

Specifying Human Capital

A review of the measures of the stock of human capital used in empirical growth research – including adult literacy rates, school enrollment ratios, and average years of schooling of the working‐age population – reveals that human capital is mostly poorly proxied. The simple use of the most common proxy, average years of schooling, misspecifies the relationship between education and the stock of human capital. Based on human capital theory, the specification of human capital is extended to allow for decreasing returns to education and for differences in the quality of a year of education. The different specifications give rise to hugely differing measures of the stock of human capital across countries, and development‐accounting results show that misspecified human capital measures can lead to severe underestimation of the development effect of human capital.     

The Political Economy of Investment in Human Capital

Investments in human capital accumulation, government consumption and total government expenditures present a striking negative correlation with capital shares. This correlation is robust to alternative specifications, lists of controls, and exclusion of outliers. Causality tests strongly support the hypothesis that the direction of causation runs from capital shares to the government spending variables. We present a political economy model of interest groups that can account for these correlations. In contrast, a median voter model predicts positive correlations between capital shares and the government spending variables.     

人力资本的价值计量

关于人力资本的价值计量,学界一致主张采用货币性计量方法和非货币计量方法相结合、按个人价值和群体价值进行计价的方式。文章回顾了人力资本价值计量的各种方法,并对各种方法进行了综合性评述。     

论企业人力资本投资与人力资本流动

本文将企业人力资本流动分为主动性和被动性流动两类。作者通过对一个理想的人力资本市场上企业通用性人力资本投资与专用性人力资本投资关系的研究表明，企业增加其自身的通用性人力资本投资规模客观上能解决由专用性人力资本投资所产生的“套牢”问题，并使人力资本主动性流动的概率大大增加，这对企业人力资本投资策略的选择具有重要的现实意义。     

Facilitative Leadership and the Challenge of Renewing Local Democracy in Italy

Participatory arrangements have become a popular way of addressing modern challenges of urban governance but in practice face several constraints and can trigger deep tensions. Facilitative leadership can play a crucial role in enabling collaboration among local stakeholders despite plural and often conflictual interests. Surprisingly, this style of leadership has received limited attention within debates linking urban governance and participatory democracy. We summarize the main insights of the literature on facilitative leadership and empirically develop them in the context of participatory urban governance by comparing recent participatory processes in two Italian cities. Whereas in one city facilitative leadership gradually emerged and successfully transformed a deep conflict into consensual proposals, in the other city, participatory planning further exacerbated pre‐existing antagonism, and local democratic culture was only later slowly reinvigorated through bottom‐up initiative. These diverging pathways explain how facilitative leadership is: (1) important for making things happen; (2) best understood as situated practices; (3) an emergent property of the practices and interactions of a number of local actors and (4) a democratic capacity for dealing with continuous challenges. Key to this style of leadership is understanding participatory urban governance as an ongoing democratic process.     

从人力资源到人力资本

人才是企业生存与发展之本。本文从人力资源概念的引入介绍了知识经济下企业培养人的理念,不仅仅要重视人在企业中的重要地位,更要对人进行培训、教育、投资形成资本性资源,尤其是重视人力资本让人才不断充电,企业才会有远大的前途。     

宗庆后：敢向外资巨擎叫板

他创立了中国最大的饮料王国;他打破了行业中的不合理惯例,更创造了打破可乐行业垄断的奇迹;更多时候,他是一位事必躬亲的领导,一个没有丝毫架子的浙商。点上一根多年不离手的香烟,宗庆后将他的故事娓娓道来     

人力资本产权理论及其运作

人力资本与物质资本、货币资本一样是带来利润收益,并使资本得到保值和增值的所有权资本.人力资本产权既在承认人力资本的存在及确认其价值,也就是企业透过提供股票或期权给予企业高管人员及员工,使其拥有公司股票或股权,进而确认其人力资本产权.     

土地收益分配与人力资本积累

现行土地收益分配制度是传统以物为本发展方式的典型代表,大规模畸形的土地收益分配对国民经济产生了深刻影响.在我国当前制度环境下,参与土地收益分配的主要有五大利益主体,导致财产性收入大大挤占了劳动收入和人力资本收入,引发我国人力资本积累不足,难以支撑经济社会发展转型和创业创新导向的新经济模式.土地收益分配要从物本方式向人本方式转变.     

人力资本对中国经济增长的影响

衡量一个国家是否富强、繁荣、昌盛的标准之一就是该国家经济的不断持续增长。在农业经济时代,对经济增长产生影响的要素是土地和人力资源。在工业经济时代,对经济增长产生影响的要素是物质、自然资源以及人力资源。在知识经济时代,对经济增长产生影响的要素为物质资本以及人力资本。论文重点针对人力资本对中国经济增长的影响进行了详细分析。     

The Age Structure of Human Capital and Economic Growth

This paper shows that the age structure of human capital is a relevant characteristic to take into account when analysing the role of human capital in economic growth. The effect of an increase in the education of the population aged 40–49 years is found to be an order of magnitude larger than an increase in the education attained by any other age cohort. The results are unlikely to be driven by the age structure of the population, as we find that the effects on growth of the age structure of education and the age structure of population are distinct. The findings are robust across specifications and remain unchanged when we control for long‐delayed effects in human capital or for the experience of the workforce.