Import substitution as a strategy of economic development

The reasons for the slowdown in Russia’s economic growth in 2012–2014 are considered. Different forms of modern import-substitution practices are analyzed.     

Income diversification before and after economic shocks: evidence from urban and rural Zimbabwe

The article examines changes in income and activity diversification in Zimbabwe before and after macroeconomic policy changes and the droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national surveys straddling a period of economic volatility show that the percentage of households earning income from private and informal sources grew considerably, while income from government and formal sources declined. In general, rural households tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income than urban households, and the degree of income diversification decreases with the level of urbanisation. Following the shocks, there was a marked reduction in income diversification, notably among the poor. The findings thus strengthen the need for public provision of well-designed safety nets.     

Zimbabwe national conservation strategy and sustainable rural development

For rural development to be sustainable in southern Africa it must go hand in hand with environmental conservation, which has been neglected. The author draws on first‐hand professional experience in Zimbabwe as a member of a UN technical assistance team to examine how the internationally recognised concepts of environmental management can be translated into a coherent planning approach through which disadvantaged rural communities can break out of their socio‐economic deprivation and environmental decline. The article emphasises the need to seek the most appropriate local solutions for environmental problems and stresses that satisfactory theoretical understanding of these problems has yet to be matched by comprehensive and workable development strategies.     

Decomposing wage differentials between migrant workers and urban workers in urban China's labor markets

This paper looks at wage discrimination faced by China's rural–urban migrants. Using data from the China Urban Labour Survey, it uses standard wage decomposition techniques to measure the extent wage gaps between migrants and locals are attributable to migration. Because the survey covers five cities, the results allow for an investigation regarding how much variation in discrimination there is. Unlike previous studies of wage discrimination in China, this research includes a more full measure of remuneration by including non-financial benefits as well as bonuses earned. The results suggest that migrants still face a significant amount of discrimination, but that this varies a lot between cities.     

浅议深圳的城市发展战略

一、深圳的成就和问题23年前,中国改革开放的总设计师邓小平,用他那高扬的巨手在中国的南海边划了一个圈,由此开启了深圳城市发展的序幕。在小平同志提议“设立经济特区,在靠近香港的地方搞试验”的指引下,指挥者和建设者们开始摸索经济体制改革的道路,在这个过程中,中央和深圳     

重庆一小时经济圈与城乡统筹:历史合力下的低熵经济战略

根据恩格斯著名的"历史合力论"思想,结合重庆一小时经济圈和城乡统筹发展的规划和实施,同时借鉴东西方早期高熵经济发展策略带来的社会问题,以戈特曼的"大都市连绵带"为理论起点,探索重庆一小时经济圈和城乡统筹发展必然走低熵经济战略路线,对于和谐社会的建设和中华民族的复兴具有不可估量的价值,足以使中国重现"中华帝国"风采。     

Repositioning the urban environment question in Zimbabwe: a review of the context,conditions and processes

This analysis is a reappraisal of two perspectives in urban development in Zimbabwe: environmental sustainability and human sustenance. The discussion seeks to reposition the conservation–survival debate by broadening it to the wider urban and national macroeconomic and sociopolitical context. It re‐examines Zimbabwe's environmental problems by examining the challenges posed by urbanisation, industrialisation and informalisation. To these ‘permanent’ strands are added the ‘transient’ phenomena of structural adjustment and indigenisation. The analysis is done within the overall national macroeconomic and sociopolitical environment. The article examines environmental sustainability and human sustenance as the two policy challenges that have to be reconciled in the quest for sustainable urban settlements in Zimbabwe. The analysis stresses that the exercise of striking a balance between the needs of humankind and those of nature has to take cognisance of the complexity of issues and the processes going on elsewhere in the urban and national context.     

Local economic strategy and local coalition-building

This paper considers the increasing prevalence of coalition-building in urban politics, associated characterisations of local public-private relations, and the developing function of local economic strategy in such processes. It concludes with a discussion of local economic strategy-making by Norwich City Council, which emphasises the distinctiveness of local policy and the limits of coalition politics.     

Import substitution as a complementary strategy

Import substitution policy in various countries is often used not as an alternative, but rather as a complement to export promotion policy. The article shows that, without such a complement, the outward-oriented strategy is often incapable of ensuring economic growth. The work is based on an analysis of a wide range of the literature on the relationship between export orientation and economic growth, as well as on applying elements of the import substitution strategy in various countries.     

Foreign aid as a promotional strategy

Developed countries are motivated by several forces when allocating aid to developing countries. The forces could be humanitarian in one country, and commercial self-interests in another. The principal objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of aid as a promotional strategy for trade, and to investigate whether major donor countries are optimally allocating their aid resources to increase their export and total trade. Models were developed to explore the effectiveness of aid as a promotional instrument for exports and total trade. Donor exports and total trade were expressed as functions of aid, per capita GNP of the recipient country, and aid from competing donors. The study showed that exports and total trade responded to total expected aid contributions and per capita GNP of the recipient countries. Also, all donors, but one, were maximizing the returns to aid, given the level of trade with recipient countries and will be reluctant to increase aid flows, given the current trade level.     

SWOT分析在城市发展战略上的应用

SWOT分析法是战略研究的一种分析技术,指的是优势（Strength）、劣势（Weakness）、机遇（Opportunity）、挑战（Threat）的分析,本文结合阜新市城市建设与发展的实际,对SWOT分析方法进行了应用,探讨了该方法在城市发展战略所起的作用。     

资源节约型城市建设问题与思考

建设资源节约型城市是贯彻科学发展观的必然要求,对促进城市社会经济的持续稳定发展具有重要的意义。作者从工业生产、农业污染、土地利用、矿产资源开发、旅游资源开发等方面分析了泰安市资源节约存在的问题,并指出了产生问题的原因,从提高市民的资源节约意识、建立资源节约的长效机制、构建节约型产业结构、加快建设资源节约型城市科技支撑体系、制定有效的资源节约的政策、建立健全资源节约目标责任制等方面,全面阐述了建设资源节约型城市的对策。     

Integrating the economic and the social. Policy and institutional change in local economic strategy

Since the mid-1990s policy “integration” has become an increasingly salient theme within central government and local government policy-making. In this paper we report survey findings tracing the recent emergence of explicitly “integrated” local economic and social strategies, and the evolving position of ostensibly social themes in local economic strategies. These highlight some of the more important policy and institutional changes that have characterised local economic strategy in the post-Thatcher era. Subsequently, in the light of this initial data we outline a number of possible directions for further research.     

西陇海—兰新经济带区域经济整合条件及其发展战略研究

《西部开发“十五”总体规划》中明确提出,要促进西陇海—兰新经济带的经济整合,带动周围地区和农村发展。确定西陇海—兰新经济带这一重点建设区域,能使分散的生产要素集中使用,提高资源的空间配置效益,获取较大的投资边际效益,有利于快速提高西部整体的经济发展水平。本文正是基于上述背景,研究了西陇海—兰新经济带区域经济整合条件及其发展战略。     

锡山经济开发区未来发展战略的思考

锡山经济开发区属于江苏省省级开发区，经过8年的成功开发，开发区已初具规模，到1998年底，基础设施投入达14.1亿元，规划面积29km^2中已有10km^2的建成区达到“七通一平”，城区功能日趋健全，逐步从形态开发阶段步入功能开发阶段，并已成为锡山市最具发展潜力的经济增长点，1998年，全区国内生产总值达13亿元，社会消费品零售额达12亿元，工业产值达36亿元，销售收入为32亿元，利税达2.2亿元，财政收入达1.75亿元，并且，到1999年5月底，开发区累计批准项目537个，其中外资项目95个，合同利用外资3.99亿美元，实际到位2.61亿美元，一些国际上知名的大公司，如德国的麦德龙、日本的丰田等相继在区内落户。而1999年年初建设的具有特色的私营工业园，更是成为一个新的招商热点，到1999年5月底，吸引了442个企业进区，注册资金达1.99亿元。     

成渝经济区制造业集群布局战略构想

合理的产业布局是推动区域经济快速发展的重要动力。成渝经济区有良好的制造业基础,但目前仍存在产业集群水平低下、产业自成体系等阻碍区域经济一体化进程的问题,本文主要运用产业集群理论及定量的分析方法对成渝经济区制造业布局的现状及未来规划构想做出分析,并提出政策性建议。