中国铁路改革与重组模式:第三种选择

本文首先指出了中国铁路改革与重组特有的目标和任务，然后在分析中国铁路改革与重组两种流行方案的基础上，重点讨论了改革与重组所涉及的主要因素及一个相关模型，认为中国铁路改革与重组模式可以考虑第三种选择，并提出了相应的改革与重组步骤。     

发电市场必然面临大重组与大整合

在电力改革实施厂网分开后，原有发电资产经过重组已逐步形成了寡头垄断的发电侧市场竞争格局，通过资本市场进行大重组和大整合已是必然趋势。国家一方面要采取措施进一步鼓励竞争，另一方面要进行管制改革和市场结构重组，把原有的高度一体化垄断性市场结构改造成以竞争为主的市场结构，变政府行政性配置产业资源为主为以市场价格信号配置产业资源，形成有效竞争格局。     

也谈石油行业的竞争与重组

判断垄断与否不能简单地根据企业规模和市场份额指标，市场效果最终要看企业行为对消费者利益的影响。石油行业是政府监管下的竞争性行业，是上下游一体化的大型跨国企业和小型专业企业并存的行业。我国石油天然气行业的市场组织特点是，资源和市场的区域性分割与局部过度竞争并存，主要原因是受政策和体制因素的影响。提高我国石油企业的竞争力要靠改进管理体制而不是扩大规模。石油石化企业进一步重组应明确几个问题：(1)做大不等于做强，重组应以效率为目标；(2)要首先将企业改革为真正的企业；(3)市场制度建设要先行；(4)下一轮重组应是企业市场行为而不是政府行政行为。健全石油工业管理体制和有序引入竞争应是今后石油天然气工业改革和重组的重点。政府要建立国家能源管理体制，实行石油战略管理；建立市场准入制度．严格执法；针对石油行业制定有关促进竞争和反垄断的政策；在自然垄断环节实行政府规制；进行石油市场供求信息服务；根据上下游各环节的技术经济特点，采取不同的监管机制。     

中国电力产业分拆重组机制的探讨

２０世纪８０年代以来，电力产业改革席卷全球，不同的国家以不同原因推动着电力商业化的进程。英国和一些拉美国家电力产业私有化主要是为了吸收电力投资以减轻政府负担；美国大部分电力产业原本属于私有，电力产业改革主要是开放电网，增加竞争，减少管制，提高效益。虽然各国改革的目标、模式不尽相同，但共同点都是把电力产业重组作为改革起点，打破电力公司垂直一体化的垄断管理体制，按发、输、配、供（售）电业务功能进行分拆和重组，分别组建独立经营发电和售电业务的企业。市场化和垄断性的电力产业的主要区别表现为电价和结构两个…     

自然垄断产业市场结构重组的目标、模式与政策实践

为促进自然垄断产业的有效竞争 ,提高经济效率 ,许多国家都对自然垄断产业实行市场结构重组政策。本文将探讨自然垄断产业市场结构重组的基本目标 ,5种主要市场结构重组模式及其特点 ,并分析一些经济发达国家和中国在自然垄断产业实行市场结构重组的政策实践。     

中国石油石化产业持续重组与《反垄断法》

中国石油石化产业处于寡头垄断下的有限竞争状态。世界石油石化产业的发展历史和现状表明，由于资本密集和技术密集及规模效益显著等特点、寡头垄断是石油石化产业在市场和法律作用下的必然选择。在世界经济全球化不断加强的背景下、竞争超越国界、强强联合和跨国兼并成为国际大公司提高国际竞争力的战略选择。中国已经加入WT0、而我国企业在经济实力、管理水平、营销水平、科技水平和运营体制上同跨国公司都有较大差距，加之力量相对分散，使我国企业在跨国公司的强势竞争面前陷于被动，进一步整合国内石油石化产业是短时间内快速提高国内企业国际竞争力的重要途径。为此，我国在制定《反垄断法》时，要充分考虑到加入WT0后国内市场国际化的新情况，要以国际竞争为出发点，以有利于提高“国家队”的国际竞争力为前提，以克制行政垄断和地区垄断封锁为重点，防范跨国公司在我国市场形成垄断，而不要对有益的产业重组设置障碍。     

中国铁路重组的企业边界问题分析

中国铁路的重组问题实际上是一个企业边界重新划分的问题，本文试图根据科斯关于交易成本的概念和威廉姆森关于规制结构随交易性质而变化的观点，提出分析中国铁路重组中企业边界问题的思路。     

如何推进垄断行业改革

推进垄断行业改革，是当前经济体制改革的重要方面。国务院已经制定了电信、电力和民航管理体制改革方案，有关部门正在积极实施改革方案，铁路管理体制改革方案也在抓紧制定之中。垄断行业改革的方向是，“通过政企分开和企业重组，打破行业垄断，形成适度竞争的市场格局”。     

自然垄断边界变化与政府管制的调整

自然垄断是政府管制的传统领域之一。技术水平变化、需要扩大以及市场扩张，都在不断地改变自然垄断的传统边界，政府管制的边界也随着发生很大的变化，管制的方法也更多的地借鉴市场和竞争的思路。我国自然垄断是具有自然和人为双重垄断因素，更多地具有政府垄断的特点。由于制度变革、技术变迁和市场扩大的共同作用，我国自然垄断的边界以及政府管制范围和方法也在发生着深刻的变化。     

电力产业的重组和竞争:国际经验与启示

对电力市场改革和重组过程中所取得的成功经验和存在的问题进行反思,有助于推动我国电力市场改革的顺利进行。在对世界各国电力市场的改革绩效、经验教训进行简单回顾的基础上,文章指出了需考虑的问题：实时市场和备用容量市场的市场力的监管问题、提高竞争性电力市场的设计问题、输电服务监管与投资激励机制问题等。竞争力度的设计和产业竞争是当前电力重组和竞争改革最主要的问题。     

神华集团煤炭产运销一体化运营模式分析

文章结合分工理论、运输经济学理论以及交易费用理论分别从分工演进、生产性质、交易性质等3个视角对神华集团的煤炭产运销一体化运营模式进行了分析。认为,神华集团煤炭产运销一体化运营属于一种链网组织,在我国经济发展的现阶段,神华集团的链网组织是分工演进的必然结果,并且该组织形式有效降低了生产成本和交易费用。但是,神华集团链网组织与市场之间的边界需要通过权衡内部生产成本与交易费用之和与市场交易费用之间的差异来进行界定。     

Restructuring diversified telecom operators

The paper examines restructuring cycles among diversified major telecom operators from two different perspectives, the governance deficiency perspective of agency theory and the governance efficiency perspective of transaction cost economics, the former being less consistent with the spirit of recent pro-competitive regulatory reforms than the latter. This restructuring cycle describes how incumbent operators grew larger and more diversified during the telecom boom before they were transformed into more efficient scale and scope either by economizing managers or by market forces along with actively intervening owners and bondholders during the subsequent telecom bust. A cycle whose expansion phase is characterized by highly acquisitive companies expanding into non-related activities followed by a delayed contraction phase where overdiversified companies are being restructured by market forces and intervening owners and bondholders is consistent with the reform-non-compliant governance deficiency thesis of agency theory. A cycle whose expansion phase is characterized by acquisitive companies expanding into related activities followed by a contraction phase where companies are restructured by their own managers after having realized that previously acquired assets have become more redeployable and their services more tradable is consistent with the reform-compliant governance efficiency thesis of transaction cost economics. Now, in the aftermath of the contraction phase of the business cycle, more narrowly focused incumbents are once again ready for another round of acquisitive expansion. Anecdotal evidence from five restructuring cases, along with available secondary information about the development of the industry, seems to support the reform-noncompliant governance deficiency thesis of agency theory rather than the reform-compliant governance efficiency thesis of transaction cost economics.     

知识流动视角下的组织制度与组织环境耦合度分析

组织内部通过知识流动的途径可以使知识这种特殊资源发挥最大效益。组织制度和组织环境是知识流动的主要影响因素,二者存在交互耦合的关系,互相促进、互相制约共同推动知识在组织内部的流动。本文运用协同论的基本思想提出了组织制度和组织环境的耦合强度和协调程度测度方法,并对科技创新团队Z进行了实证分析。     

中国铁路运输企业运营模式研究

本文在对运营模式相关文献的回顾与论述的基础上，对中国铁路运输企业运营模式的构成和演变进行了系统的分析，同时结合西方发达国家铁路运输企业运营模式的演变，概括了铁路运输企业运营模式演变的一般规律，并就中国铁路运输企业运营模式的再设计提出了建议。     

Organizational Restructuring: Impact on Trust and Work Satisfaction

After the Asian financial crisis, companies are now contending with the current global economic slowdown. Whether it is at the national, industry or organizational levels, restructuring has gained currency as a strategic decision to realign internal structure with changing macro environmental factors. Faced with more competitive markets and greater demands on costs controls, organizations and businesses are taking the fast track to cost-cutting by downsizing, reorganizing their divisions, streamlining their operations, and closing down unprofitable divisions.Changes that are introduced in an organizational restructuring will affect the socio-psychological well-being of organization members given the potential for uncertainty that may accompany such changes. There is a need to better understand the consequences of organizational restructuring and consider some of its potential side effects on the work environment. Employees in a post-restructuring context are understandably wary about the future direction of the organization and their roles within it.This study is an attempt to examine the social-psychological impact of organizational restructuring on trust and work satisfaction. Additionally the inter-relationships between trust and work satisfaction, including their antecedents in the work environment are examined.Trust and work satisfaction levels were tracked before and three months after organizational restructuring for varying types of changes that were initiated during the restructuring. Both trust and satisfaction with working in the organization declined significantly when compared to pre-restructuring levels. Independent t-tests analysis indicated that there was a significant decline in trust for the work group which had a newly hired manager and a change in work processes. Results showed that there was a negative relationship between both work satisfaction and trust with the extent of change required of employees.The findings also showed that there was a positive relationship between trust and work satisfaction and that trust contributed to work satisfaction. Perception of colleagues willingness to help solve job-related problems contributed significantly to strengthening of trust relations among colleagues. Additionally, colleagues and supervisors willingness to listen to employee problems contributed significantly to work satisfaction.Results of the study highlighted the need for strategic decision-makers to consider the social impact of organizational restructuring. Top managers must realize that both trust and work satisfaction are important ingredients for the effective functioning of an organization and to actively ensure that support systems or structures are adequate and available to mitigate the negative impact, particularly if the changes to be implemented are extensive.     

我国铁路运煤专线运营状况分析——以大秦线和神朔线为例

通过分析大秦线和神朔线两条铁路运煤专线的基础条件和运营状况,指出影响铁路运煤专线运营效率的主要因素包括线路自然条件、技术条件、运营组织、运营机制和管理水平,据此提出提高铁路运煤专线运营效率的相关政策建议。     

基于模块化理论的创意产业集群组织模式和创新研究

运用复杂系统理论和模块理论,从过程、特征两个方面研究了创意产业集群模块化网络组织的生产运行模式,进而探究了创意产业集群模块化网络组织的创新机制,提出模块化组织网络是提高和增强创意产业集群创新效率和创新能力的有效途径,创意企业应充分利用全球模块化生产网络以最大化分享创新收益。     

The effects of privatization on corporate R&D units: evidence from Italy and France

Over the last two decades privatization programmes in a variety of different countries have radically reduced the role of the state as a major owner of productive assets. While there is empirical evidence to show that the switch in ownership generally improves productive efficiency and profitability at company level, its effects on research and development (R&D) activities, which can impact strongly on long–term performance, have been largely ignored in the literature.
In this paper we address this issue by analyzing seven cases of privatization that have recently occurred in Italy and France in order to gauge how R&D activities may be affected by privatization in terms of objectives and organization. The organizations studied show that R&D units within privatized companies are subject to profound restructuring actions, generally designed to boost efficiency and to strengthen integration with the goals of the business units and of the final customers. A new role for R&D thus emerges: the aim is no longer to generate new knowledge in the broad national interest, but rather more directly to create value for the company and its clients, by emphasizing the assessment and integration of external knowledge.     

日本企业业务重组的管理策略

近年来，在业务重组上出现了许多新的迹象，不是局限于对业务的简单调整和改革，而是出现了“顾客满足”、“从根本上”、“重新审视”等新的关键词。日本企业的实践证明，业务重组的失败率很高，失败的主要原因是偏离了顾客满足，因此，只有建立在企业利益与顾客利益相一致基础上的业务重组才可能取得成功，文章根据国外企业的实践，总结业务重组成功的关键因素和途径。