借鉴美国经验办调推进我国非常规天然气发展

非常规天然气主要包括致密砂岩气、煤层气、页岩气、天然气水合物、生物气和无机气等。全球非常规天然气资源量近4000万亿立方米,2009年全球非常规天然气产量近6000亿立方米。美国是世界上非常规天然气资源开发时间最早、规模最大、水平最高的国家。其非常规天然气发展的主要经验在于政府高度重视并给予政策扶持,企业创新发展关键技术,天然气市场机制和天然气基础设施不断完善。我国非常规天然气资源丰富且分布广泛,目前我国低渗透致密气已实现规模开发,煤层气工业化开发已起步,页岩气开发试验已经启动,但我国非常规天然气的发展仍与美国等国家存在很大差距。为加快非常规天然气的发展,我国需要加强非常规天然气的战略规划;推进非常规天然气基础研究和标准制定;集中力量开展非常规天然气勘探开发技术攻关;制定完善优惠扶持政策;开展多种形式的国内联合与国际合作。     

完善政策法规 促进中国非常规天然气发展——“2011年中国页岩气/煤层气国际研讨会”综述

美国页岩气的成功开发为全球非常规天然气的开发树立了典范。＂2011年中国页岩气/煤层气国际研讨会＂探讨了中国非常规天然气的开发利用、政策导向和市场前景,为完善非常规天然气产业的政策法规和制度提出了建设性的建议。     

浅析中国非常规天然气资源基础与开发技术

随着新能源发展开发技术的不断发展,非常规天然气因其具有低碳、绿色、环保等优良特性,在新能源中占据极为重要的地位。非常规天然气在中国的资源非常丰富,潜藏着巨大的发展潜力。本文从非常规天然气的开发现状出发,通过对非常规天然气的发展条件、开发技术和资源基础等方面的研究,指出了非常规天然气在我国开发中存在的一些问题,并对今后非常规天然气的发展提出了相应的合理化建议。     

美国政府促进非常规天然气勘探开发的政策与经验

美国非常规天然气开发已有100多年的历史,但最近30多年是美国非常规天然气快速发展的时期。美国政府在取消价格管制、实行市场化机制的同时,还采取矿权费减免、税收减免、勘探开发技术研究和转让等鼓励非常规天然气勘探开发的政策和措施,并设立了非常规天然气研究项目,对致密气、煤层气和页岩气等非常规天然气资源的评价研究给予资助。这些政策和措施使得美国非常规天然气产量在2009年达到3307．8亿立方米,占当年全国天然气产量的54％;也使联邦和地方政府的税收增加了几十亿美元,使消费者因低气价获益1000亿美元;同时形成了一批非常规资源勘探开发新技术和新理论。美国政府促进非常规天然气开发的政策与经验对中国天然气工业的发展具有十分重要的参考和启示作用。     

中国非常规天然气资源勘探开发与政策思考

中国非常规天然气资源丰富,全国2000米以浅的煤层气资源量36.8万亿立方米,致密砂岩气资源量超过12万亿立方米,页岩气资源量31万亿立方米。但对比国外成功经验,中国非常规天然气开发存在一系列问题：高度垄断的体制弊端制约了资源开发的市场竞争;缺乏有力、有效的财税扶持政策;缺乏非常规天然气开发的核心技术体系;天然气价格形成机制不合理;管网等基础设施建设滞后。为推动我国非常规天然气的勘探开发,建议建立非常规天然气开发示范区,促进并引导非常规天然气商业开发;加大财税政策支持力度,激励非常规天然气开发;深化体制改革,不断引入竞争机制;加快科技创新,加大科技投入;深化气价改革,不断完善天然气价格形成机制;加强页岩气资源战略调查,促进商业化勘探开发;加强天然气基础设施建设,促进天然气开发利用和市场发展。     

阿尔及利亚油气合作机会

阿尔及利亚政局基本稳定,经济稳步增长,具备较好的宏观投资环境。油气行业发展空间较大,勘探开发、天然气及LNG、炼油领域都具有投资合作机会。建议:1)在上游领域,采用权益购买、区块股权互换、参股等多种灵活有效方式与资源国开展合作;2)积极谨慎开发天然气项目,适当介入非常规天然气开发项目;3)在炼油领域,合作建设重油催化和汽柴油加氢联合装置,寻求与阿方在重质馏分油二次加工方面和产品升级换代方面开展合作。     

资源国国家石油公司发展近况

资源国国家石油公司(NOC)资源优势非常明显.2011年,在国际油价高位震荡、国际油气需求快速增长的背景下,资源国NOC的公司收入普遍恢复到金融危机前的水平.资源国NOC重视上游产能建设,普遍制定了开发本国油气资源的多阶段计划；加快发展天然气,结合自身情况设立开发项目；在增加投资开发传统油气资源的同时开始注重非常规资源的开发；进一步重视发展下游业务、延伸产业链,注重培育高附加值业务和开展多样化的国际合作；资源国NOC在进一步加强与IOC合作的同时,与NOC之间的合作日趋频繁.     

非常规天然气财税激励政策：美国的经验与借鉴

在非常规天然气产业发展初期,美国政府对非常规天然气开发实施了包括价格激励和税收抵免在内的财税激励政策。这些政策增加了非常规天然气开发的经济效益,调动了生产商的积极性,促进了非常规天然气钻井活动和技术进步,对促进美国非常规天然气的发展起到了关键作用。财税优惠政策是政府在产业发展初期引导行业投资的重要手段。我国非常规天然气开发正处于起步期,急需相关政策和措施的支持与引导,有必要借鉴美国的做法,对非常规天然气进行定义和分类,制定相对统一的财税优惠政策。财税优惠的力度应该建立在对资源、技术和效益的分析基础之上,且优惠政策应该设置有效期和中止条件。     

山西省非常规天然气产业发展研究

山西省是我国重要的综合能源基地,是非常规天然气资源富集程度最高、开发潜力最大的省份之一.文章分析了山西省非常规天然气产业发展现状,剖析了山西省非常规天然气增储上产面临的困难和存在的问题,提出了完善体制机制、放开上游资源开发、整合中游输气管网、搞活下游燃气市场等政策和措施.     

页岩气发展规划解读

<正>一、前言页岩气是指赋存于富有机质泥页岩及其夹层中,以吸附或游离状态为主要存在方式的非常规天然气,成分以甲烷为主,是一种清洁、高效的能源资源。近几年,美国页岩气勘探开发技术突破,产量快速增长,对国际天然气市场及世界能源格局产生重大影响,世界主要资源国都加大了对页岩气的勘探开发力度。国民经济和社会发展"十二五"规划明确要求"推进页岩气等非常规油气资源开发利用",为大力推动页岩气勘探开发,增加天然     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

Material power and normative conflict in global and local agrifood governance: The lessons of ‘Golden Rice’ in India

This special section aims to investigate the interaction of global and local forces in shaping agrifood governance. It starts from the recognition that a multitude of actors and norms shape today’s agrifood system. The resulting opaqueness of the systems makes it extremely difficult to understand and explain processes and outcomes of agrifood governance. Given the sustainability challenges facing the agrifood system, improvements in our understanding of what the interaction of global and local actors and norms means on the ground are urgently needed, however. The section, therefore, analyses agrifood governance in India across a selected group of cases. It does so by employing a systematic framework emphasizing the material and ideational dimensions of power and their interaction. The section has chosen India as the setting in which to analyze this interaction due to the crucial role the food demand and supply of this rising power plays in today’s agrifood system. This article provides the special sections’ analytical framework, which uses the interplay of material and ideational dimensions of power as a focal lens. In addition, the article applies this framework to an empirical study of the political conflict around GMO foods in India, specifically the case of ‘Golden Rice’.     

蒸汽热量计量应用的探析

研究了石油化工企业的燕汽计量情况,着重对蒸汽热量计量的合理性进行了分析,阐述了蒸汽热量计量的依据及计算方法,以及蒸气热量计量对节能降耗的重要意义.