可再生能源产业化国际比较及对我国的建议

由于多数可再生能源尚处在开发利用的初级阶段,其经济成本普遍高于现有一次能源,单纯依赖市场机制无法推动可再生能源的产业化.为此,世界许多国家不仅制定了阶段性的具体的产业发展目标,同时采取了强制性与激励性互为补充的政策手段.一方面,制定或修订<可再生能源法>和相关的法律、法规,强制实施一些有助于可再生能源产业发展的政策.另一方面,通过适当的经济激励政策,发挥市场机制的作用,推动可再生能源产业发展.这些经济政策包括:投资补贴、产品补贴和用户补贴等财政补贴政策;对可再生能源减免税费的税收政策;固定价格、浮动价格、配额制市场价格等价格政策;以及低息贷款和信贷担保、出口信贷等金融政策.建议我国采取以下措施推进可再生能源产业化:1)进一步细化可再生能源发展战略;2)完善法规体系,引入新的运行机制;3)加大扶持力度,完善投融资体制;4)建立国家级研发中心,促进产业升级.     

消纳保障机制推动我国可再生能源高质量发展

<正>2019年5月,《国家发展改革委国家能源局关于建立健全可再生能源电力消纳保障机制的通知》(以下简称通知)出台,标志着历经近10年研究的中国可再生能源配额制政策正式出台,最新文件对原政策名称《可再生能源电力配额及考核办法》作了重大调整,明确政策目标在于建立健全可再生能源电力消纳保障机制。如何发挥好可再生能源电力消纳保障机制的作用,成为社会各界关注重点。     

以责任保落实 推动能源转型发展

<正>2019年5月10日,国家能源局正式印发了《关于建立健全可再生能源电力消纳保障机制的通知》,这一机制在过去被称为"配额制"。从最初提议到正式落地已经十年,政策推出遇到的阻力可见一斑。文件正式下发,也标志着全社会对于能源转型认识的转变。能源转型是我国能源发展的必由之路新世纪以来,发展可再生能源实现能源转型成为全球普遍的能源发展战略选择。欧美等主要国家都提出,未来     

“配额制”不应过于温和

<正>5月10日,国家发改委和国家能源局联合发布《关于建立健全可再生能源电力消纳保障机制的通知》(简称《通知》),表明我国强制性可再生能源消纳机制正式建立,标志着我国电力用户进入共同履行可再生能源电力消纳责任的时代。可再生能源电力消纳保障机制,过去俗称为"配额制",旨在通过强制性消费绿色电力,促进可再生能源     

非水可再生能源发电配额考核制度对燃煤发电机组的影响

正2016年,中国电力企业联合会组织浙江省能源集团有限公司、申能股份有限公司等多家电力企业,以及江苏、山西电力行业协会共同开展非水可再生能源发电配额考核制度(以下简称"配额制")对燃煤火电机组影响专题调查研究。经过2个月的调研和讨论,了解分析配额制政策实施后的潜在效果及对发电行业企业的影响,并提出相关的政策建议,形成了专题调研报告。     

电力市场是未来可再生能源消纳的主要方向——专访国家气候战略中心研究员、中国能源研究会常务理事李俊峰

正5月10日,随着《关于建立健全可再生能源电力消纳保障机制的通知》(简称《通知》)的印发,曾3次公开征求意见的可再生能源电力配额制最终更名为可再生能源电力消纳保障机制。《通知》对政府部门、电网企业、电力用户等各类承担消纳责任的主体提出优先消纳可再生能源的明确要求,强调对电力消费侧市场行为进行引导,推动能源消费向绿色用能转变。国家气候战略中心研究员、中国能源研究会常务理事李俊峰认为,《通知》对于推动我国能源结构调整,构建清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系将具有重要意义,而高质量则是可再生能源可持续发展的根本保障。     

德国能源转型动态分析

德国在能源转型领域具有丰富的经验,其能源转型战略、可再生能源政策等对我国以及很多国家的能源转型和政策制定产生了重要影响。笔者根据近几年德国可再生能源的最新数据和形势,对德国能源转型动态进行分析。拍卖机制促使拍卖电价出现变化为降低能源转型成本,德国转变固定电价机制,对新建机组施行上网电价拍卖机制。     

我国新能源促消纳政策措施有效性分析

<正>在“双碳”目标指引下,实施可再生能源替代、加快电力市场体系建设,成为我国构建清洁低碳安全高效能源体系的两项关键行动。近年来,为促进风电、光伏等可再生能源消纳利用,国家和地方出台了一系列支持政策,使我国可再生能源消纳利用政策从零散趋向体系化,为实施可再生能源替代行动打下了良好基础,显著提升了消纳利用率。但在我国加快推进电力现货市场结算试运行、建设全国统一电力市场体系的大背景下,相关政策在衔接与实施过程中也出现了一些问题,主要表现为部分执行人员对风电和光伏在电力系统运行中消纳的物理过程认识不清晰、对各类交易的执行是物理方式还是金融方式未理清,以及未能综合技术、经济、体制机制等多维度进行考虑,导致相关政策较难形成合力或是措施手段与政策目的不匹配。     

绿色用电权益与用电碳排放履约机制如何有效衔接

<正>我国碳排放权配额制在将控排企业直接碳排放纳入管控范围的同时，也将控排企业用电、用热的间接碳排放纳入，为打通绿色电力消费与用电间接碳排放履约提供了可操作空间。同时，随着风力、光伏等可再生能源发电技术不断成熟，其减碳额外性不断受到质疑，也为风光项目的环境权益从CCER可再生能源并网发电方法学，向以绿证为基础的绿色用电消费碳减排机制过渡提供了机遇。     

动向

电监会:长期扶持可再生能源电价1月14日,国家电监会有关负责人表示,政府将长期扶持可再生能源电价,今年一季度将公布2008年下半年的可再生能源电价补贴和配额交易方案。我国目前有四项可再生能源核心政策:总量目标,即对     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

Material power and normative conflict in global and local agrifood governance: The lessons of ‘Golden Rice’ in India

This special section aims to investigate the interaction of global and local forces in shaping agrifood governance. It starts from the recognition that a multitude of actors and norms shape today’s agrifood system. The resulting opaqueness of the systems makes it extremely difficult to understand and explain processes and outcomes of agrifood governance. Given the sustainability challenges facing the agrifood system, improvements in our understanding of what the interaction of global and local actors and norms means on the ground are urgently needed, however. The section, therefore, analyses agrifood governance in India across a selected group of cases. It does so by employing a systematic framework emphasizing the material and ideational dimensions of power and their interaction. The section has chosen India as the setting in which to analyze this interaction due to the crucial role the food demand and supply of this rising power plays in today’s agrifood system. This article provides the special sections’ analytical framework, which uses the interplay of material and ideational dimensions of power as a focal lens. In addition, the article applies this framework to an empirical study of the political conflict around GMO foods in India, specifically the case of ‘Golden Rice’.     

蒸汽热量计量应用的探析

研究了石油化工企业的燕汽计量情况,着重对蒸汽热量计量的合理性进行了分析,阐述了蒸汽热量计量的依据及计算方法,以及蒸气热量计量对节能降耗的重要意义.