食品安全信息披露的博弈分析

食品质量安全信息披露不足,导致消费者难以分辨食品的安全性,不能对市场中的食品产生信任。本文建立消费者与生产者的信号博弈模型并找寻了动态均衡路径,分析认为:食品生产企业要获得消费者信任并实现与低质量企业完全分离,必须披露更多的质量安全信息,同时高质量企业披露安全信息对企业有利。通过比较国外为获得消费者信任而加强食品安全信息披露的情况,指出现阶段国内食品安全信息披露的不足,提出引导高质量企业进行更多信息披露、加强信息沟通交流和落实信息披露机制的建议。     

Trading-up on unmet expectations? Evaluating consumers’ expectations in online premium grocery shopping logistics

Geography and retail store locations are inherently bound together; this study links food retail changes to systemic logistics changes in an emerging market. The later include raising income and education, access to a wide range of technologies, traffic and transport difficulties, lagging retail provision, changing family structure and roles, as well as changing food culture and taste. The study incorporates demand for premium products defined by Kapferer and Bastien [2009b. The Luxury Strategy. London: Kogan Page] as comprising a broad variety of higher quality and unique or distinctive products and brands including in grocery organic ranges, healthy options, allergy free selections, and international and gourmet/specialty products through an online grocery model (n?=?356) that integrates a novel view of home delivery in Istanbul. More importantly from a logistic perspective our model incorporates any products from any online vendors broadening the range beyond listed items found in any traditional online supermarkets. Data collected via phone survey and analysed via structural equation modelling suggest that the offer of online premium products significantly affects consumers’ delivery logistics expectations. We discuss logistics operations and business management implications, identifying the emerging geography of logistic models which respond to consumers’ unmet expectations using multiple sourcing and consolidation points.     

基于层次分析法的网上消费者行为分析

随着电子商务的发展，消费者的网上购物正蓬勃发展。分析消费者的行为是电子商务企业生存与发展的关键与重点。文中基于层次分析法来分析消费者网上购物行为，可以更好的理解消费者的行为，以及利用层次分析方法的作用和特点来做出更加合理、科学的决策。     

Food contamination incidents: what do consumers seek online? Who cares?

• Consumers can play an active role in managing their health during food contamination incidents. With the popularity of the internet, consumers may seek online information to minimize health risks associated with the incidents. This study examines information demand and supply for consumers' online‐information seeking by investigating the search queries commonly used by consumers during the incidents and returned first page search results. We use a stage of change model to frame our hypotheses about information demand and stakeholder and agenda setting theories to frame our hypotheses about information supply. Results show that consumers' information seeking may progress through stages of precontemplation (seeking no special information), contemplation (seeking information related to the facts of the incidents), preparation and action (seeking information related to safety precautions and practices), and maintenance and termination (seeking no special information). Mainstream news media play the most important role in providing online information related to the facts of the incidents during the contemplation stage of consumers' information seeking. Online citizen journalism is the major online source for information related to safety precautions and practices during the preparation and action stage of information seeking. A diversity of other stakeholders also provide online information related to the incidents but are not primary information sources for consumers. We suggest that stakeholders, especially those who are responsible for providing accurate and timely information to consumers such as government agencies, establish online marketing strategies to make their information more accessible by consumers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Integration of the Kano and QFD model in health food development: using black beans as examples

This study applied the Kano two-dimensional quality model and quality function deployment (QFD) to develop the black bean’s reputation as a health food and identify quality attributes of consumers’ needs in order to effectively control the attributes. This study first conducted a literature review and summarized the product’s quality attributes and then carried out expert interviews to determine health food quality attributes and consumer need quality attributes. A questionnaire survey was conducted to discuss which quality attributes of black beans consumers perceived to be important when they were presented as a health food and classify their answers using the quality attributes in the Kano model in order to effectively control consumers’ needs. Consumers’ demand for quality attributes was transformed into a technique of product quality development. In a matrix of the two constructs, quality classification of health food in the Kano model and order of consumers’ satisfaction with eating types of health food products, quality factors were transformed into technical specifications of product development for QFD and the construction of the first-stage of the House of Quality matrix. The results serve as references for companies to effectively distribute resources and establish strategies of product development, enhance product quality and consumer satisfaction, reduce product development time, and increase the success rate of products in the market. The results contribute to the health food enterprises are not only can make profit of product but also meet customers’ need.     

Differentiated‐product distribution in a dual‐channel supply chain

This study presents a theoretical framework to explore the mechanism of firms' preference for different distribution strategies. The results indicate that the manufacturer, retailer, and e‐tailer would prefer the distribution strategy of selling low‐end and high‐end products through offline and online channels, respectively, when consumers are minimally sensitive to the product‐quality differentiation. By contrast, supply‐chain firms would prefer the distribution strategy of selling high‐end and low‐end products through offline and online channels when consumers are significantly sensitive to the product‐quality differentiation. Firms demonstrate different preferences for distribution strategy when consumers are moderately sensitive to product‐quality differentiation.     

How much do online consumers really value free product returns? Evidence from eBay

Consumer return rates have been steadily rising in recent years, resulting in growing costs for retailers who must manage the returns process and the disposition of returned products. This cost pressure is driven in part by extremely generous return policies, such as giving consumers a full refund upon return. Interestingly, this common retail practice of full refunds is inconsistent with the recommendations of many analytical models of returns, which nearly always show that a partial refund is optimal. Such inconsistencies between theory and practice might arise when the decision drivers included in the analytical models do not match the decision drivers in practice. It might also be the case that retailers are overly optimistic about the value that consumers assign to a full refund, and thus assume that the value of such a policy outweighs its costs. In this paper, we use data collected from eBay, where identical products are sold with different return policies, to investigate these open questions in the literature. We analyze both the return policy drivers from the retailer's perspective and the return policy value from the consumer's perspective. Our results suggest that the value of a full refund policy to consumers may not be as large as one might expect, and it also exhibits a large heterogeneity across buyers with different levels of online purchase experience. In addition, we provide empirical evidence for what has long been suspected by online retailers – that a non-refundable forward shipping charge quickly erodes any value that consumers assign to return policies. The generality of our results is limited by the fact that eBay differs from traditional retail contexts in many respects, including the fact that eBay buyers may not be representative of the general buyer population. However, our study of how eBay consumers value free returns provides new insights into an understudied area, and it can serve as a starting point for future studies of the value of return policies in other retail contexts.     

我国农产品高流通成本原因及对策分析

8月份,CPI告别"1"时代,重回"2"时代,农产品价格居高不下,这一现象除了供需矛盾外,农产品流通成本的助推作用不容忽视。文章针对农产品流通环节成本进行分析,发现流通环节过多、价格形成链过长、农民组织化程度低、生产者与消费者之间的信息不对称、运输费用及流通各环节投入要素费用较高、物流技术落后致使高损耗等原因导致了我国农产品较高的流通成本,并针对这些问题提出了具体的对策建议。     

基于电子商务的退货逆向物流模式探讨——以京东商城为例

电子商务促进了物流行业的高速发展,企业退货积压难题与社会对于低碳经济的倡导催生了物流服务的新模式,逆向物流作为一种绿色物流形式正被现代企业重视。文章选取京东商城作为电子商务行业的代表企业,研究其退货逆向物流的管理现状,提出认证中心与新型交易平台的概念与流程,开辟专为消费者服务的供需墙,通过认证中心对退货产品进行质量认证,便于其在新型商品交易平台上进行二次销售,供需墙实现信息自由流通,实现资源的合理利用,缓解厂家的退货库存积压与处理压力,最终实现多方共赢。     

基于大数据和自动识别技术的食品追溯体系

采用RFID、BC等自动识别技术获取数据,运用大数据、云计算技术处理后,将食品所处状态和定位信息实时传输到追溯平台。通过该平台,食品供应链上相关企业可以上传产品信息,消费者可以查询食品流转过程和质量安全追溯信息,出现问题产品时监管部门可以登录系统迅速将其召回。     

粮食品质测报工作问题的几点思考

粮食品质测报工作对引导粮食种植,指导农民选择优良品种,促进农民增产增收具有重要意义。该工作可保证粮食质量及品质稳定,为粮食生产和加工服务,为各级政府掌握粮食质量信息、制定宏观政策提供重要依据,为粮食企业收购储存销售等经营活动的决策提供质量信息。本文分析粮食品质测报工作存在的问题,提出提高粮食测报工作水平的对策,以为粮食品质测报工作提供参考。     

Deteriorating inventory model for ready-to-eat food under fuzzy environment

Decreased costs and enhanced customer satisfaction are two main objectives of SCM, and good inventory policy can achieve both simultaneously. Product perishability is a critical aspect of inventory policy. Ready-to-eat food products are very common consumer goods that are, in fact, perishable. The value the RTE food retains is, however, closely dependent on its quality. From the vendor’s point of view, quantifying quality and remaining value should be a critical business issue. In consequence, we combined the traditional deterioration model and quality prediction model to develop a new deteriorating inventory model for RTE food products. This new model quantifies food quality and remaining value. We also improved the new model by fuzzifying storage temperature to simulate temperature fluctuation. The proposed model uses real deterioration rate data. Numerical analysis is conducted in a case study. Overall, the model demonstrates that high storage temperatures reduce profits and force shorter order cycles.     

Minimum Differentiation in Commercial Media Markets

We examine a model of locational choice in commercial media markets. Commercial media (stations) compete for audiences with their choice of programming variety in order to attract advertising revenues from advertisers. These advertisers (producers) compete in a differentiated product market and rely on advertising to inform consumers about their product. We use the model to show that media have incentives to minimize the extent of differentiation between them. This incentive is an implication of the assumed role of advertising as information and as an ultimate nuisance to the audience. When stations minimally differentiate their programming offerings, producers choose lower levels of advertising. Consequently, lower levels of product information are available to consumers, permitting producers to gain higher margins on product sales. As a result, stations can negotiate higher payments for advertising space.     

Physical distribution service quality in Internet retailing: service pricing, transaction attributes, and firm attributes

This paper develops a theoretical framework and empirically investigates physical distribution service (PDS) quality by Internet retailers in their transactions with consumers. An analysis of data that measure hundreds of electronic commerce transactions along with data at the firm level shows that higher shipping and handling charges are good indicators of better PDS quality. Other transaction-level conditions and firm-level attributes also affect PDS quality, as measured by availability, timeliness, and reliability. Most notably, when the net price of products transacted increases, PDS reliability and availability decline. Furthermore, Internet-retailer size is found to favor PDS availability whereas, surprisingly, newer Internet retailers exhibit a higher level of PDS availability than many of their incumbent competitors.     

食品安全危机中的信托责任:异化与重构

社会分工导致食品供应商与食品消费者产生委托代理关系,食品供应商需要对食品消费者承担信托责任,但是由于社会分工的日益细化,该种信托责任日益出现资本意志性、多元复杂性、非生态性等方面的异化.重构食品企业的信托责任需要进行顶层设计,食品供应商要树立食品安全危机意识,在经营理念中彰显社会责任;政府需要建立统一的委托代理机构,作为消费者的代言人,强化食品供应商的信托责任;建立一个公共的食品安全信息平台,降低食品供应商因为信息不对称而损害食品消费者利益的机会主义倾向.     

Falsified or Substandard? Assessing Price and Non‐price Signals of Drug Quality

Pharmaceutical products can be of poor quality either because they contain zero correct active ingredient (referred to as “falsified”) or because they contain a nonzero but incorrect amount of the right active ingredient (referred to as “substandard”). Although both types of poor‐quality drugs can be dangerous, they differ in health consequence, price, and potential policy remedies. Assessing basic quality of 1437 samples of Ciprofloxacin from 18 low‐to‐middle‐ income countries, we aim to understand how price and nonprice signals can help distinguish between falsified, substandard, and passing drugs. Following the Global Pharma Health Fund e.V. Minilab® protocol, we find 9.88% of samples have less than 80% of the correct active ingredient and 41.5% of these failures are falsified. Falsified and substandard drugs tend to differ in two observable attributes: first, falsified drugs are more likely to mimic drugs registered with local drug safety regulators. Second, after controlling for other factors, substandard drugs are on average cheaper than passing generics in the same city but the price of falsified drugs is not significantly different from that of passing drugs on average. These data patterns suggest that careful consumers may have information to suspect a drug is substandard before purchase but substandard drugs can still exist to cater to poor and less‐educated population. In contrast, falsified drugs will be more difficult for consumers to identify ex ante because they appear similar to high‐quality, locally registered products in both price and packaging.     

消费者跨渠道搭便车意愿的驱动因素分析

在多渠道环境下,消费者利用一家离线零售商来搜集信息或评估产品,然后转换到另一家在线零售商来实现其购买决策。通过实证方法分析可能会引起消费者在购买决策过程中转换渠道的驱动因素。其中,推动作用包括消费者使用多种渠道的自我效能;拉动作用,即竞争对手的在线零售商的吸引力,两者对搭便车意愿都具有正面影响。然而,系泊作用,即零售商锁定,对跨渠道搭便车意愿具有负面影响。     

Consumer safety and the regulation of industry

The need for regulation to protect the consumer from unsafe products stems from the lack of full information. The extent of these imperfections is examined and it is argued that there are market pressures on manufacturers to produce safer products and that voluntary regulation can play a useful role before mandatory regulations are introduced. In setting targets it must be acknowledged that there are differences between products and between consumers and particularly that there will be costs associated with attempts to cure the consequences of imperfections. Recent trends in the US and British safety policy are assessed in this light.     

Brand Management and Strategies Against Counterfeits

In this paper, I provide a theory for brand‐protection strategies to reduce counterfeiting under weak intellectual property rights. My theoretical framework has general implications for endogenous sunk cost investments as a means of deterring counterfeiters. My model incorporates two layers of asymmetric information that counterfeits can incur: counterfeiters fooling consumers and buyers of counterfeits fooling other consumers. Brands have a number of tools at their disposal to maintain a separating equilibrium in the face of counterfeits. One of the theoretical predictions of this study is that counterfeit entry induces incumbent brands to introduce new products. This helps to explain the innovation strategies that authentic firms employ in response to entry by counterfeiters in practice. Authentic prices rise if and only if the counterfeit quality is lower than a threshold level. In addition, the model demonstrates how authentic producers could invest in self‐enforcement to increase counterfeiters' incentives to separate themselves from brands. Better channel management through company stores and other costly devices are forms of nonprice signals and complement a company's own enforcements against counterfeits. These predictions are validated using unique panel data collected from Chinese shoe companies covering the years 1993–2004. Data further reveal that companies with worse relationships with the government invest more in various self‐enforcement strategies, which are effective in reducing counterfeit sales, and that the set of strategies are complements rather than substitutes for each other.     

电子商务下的物流发展研究

电子商务是和物流相并进发展的,没有物流的大力支持,电子商务也只是纸上谈兵,所以物流的发展至关重要。近年来,电子商务的快速发展引起了物流瓶颈问题,通过一些事实来说明电子商务下物流发展所存在的问题．并针对每个电子商务下的物流问题提出相应的解决措施,如提出采取发展物联网、第四方物流和电子商务信息平台等措施,寻求电子商务下物流的发展方向,使其更好地适应电子商务的发展。