中国城市劳动力市场上的性别工资差异

本文描述了中国城市劳动力市场上男女在行业获得和工资上的差异,并且用计量方法对工资差异进行了分解。分解结果表明,男女工资差异主要由同类行业内工资差异引起,而由于两者行业分布不同而带来的工资差异不大;歧视是造成性别之间的工资差异的主要原因,人力资本所起的作用很小。由此,缩小行业内的工资差异,消除对女性的歧视,是缩小工资性别差异的重要途径。     

Understanding Recent Empirical Evidence on Race and Labor Market Outcomes in the USA

The concepts of path dependence and lock-in have received growing acceptance but have generally been thought of as driven by positive feedback on the supply side of the economy. A case through example is made here of how endogenous preferences positive feedback in utility from consumption, social considerations, and institutional considerations can all lead to path dependence and the persistence of suboptimal consumption choices. The case here specifically relates to meat consumption and utilizes behavioral, institutional, as well as neoclassical approaches to justify the conclusion. It is argued that increased meat consumption, which at one time may have had positive value, has developed increasingly negative consequences both at the individual and social level. Negative impacts include health consequences, low production efficiency, and environmental damage, among others. Nevertheless, preferences for meat are maintained by multiple factors including historical dependence of tastes, socially established meanings of consumption choices, and institutional inertia.     

Race,Gender and Regional Labor Market Inequalities in Brazil

This study investigates the relationship between unequal regional development and racial and gender wage inequality in Brazil. Using sample data from the 1991 Brazilian census, I estimated monthly wages for a white, brown and black women and men working in the states of S"o Paulo and Bahia. The findings suggest that while women and Afro-Brazilians in Brazil's most developed region of S"o Paulo had the advantages of higher levels of state sponsored work benefits and more equitable occupational and wage distribution, they nevertheless experienced the greatest discrimination. In contrast, the less developed state of Bahia where racial and gender gaps in education, occupation and wages were the most severe, wage discrimination was lowest.     

劳动力市场歧视成本分析

劳动力市场上存在着各种歧视,其中最为多见和敏感的是性别、各族和民族歧视。歧视的市场经济并非人们通常认为的样能够增加歧视者的收入,而是使歧视者和被歧视者同时蒙受损失,甚至歧视者为其偏好付出的成本更加高昂。     

测量中国经济的劳动投入:1982—2000年

本文通过编制可以反映劳动质量变化的劳动投入指数,给出了包括劳动质量改善在内的劳动投入增长,同时明确了单纯从业人数增长和劳动质量改善在劳动投入增长中的相对重要性。本文通过分解的方法进一步探讨了劳动质量改善的源泉。主要结论有,1982—2000年期间,从业人数年均增长率为1.8%,而考虑劳动质量改善之后的劳动投入年均增长率高达3.23%。二者之差为劳动质量改善对劳动投入的贡献,其贡献度超过44%。分区间看,劳动质量改善对劳动投入增长的贡献呈上升趋势,由1982—1987年间的21%上升到1995—2000年的68%。劳动质量改善的源泉主要来自于整体从业人员中第一产业比重的下降,以及从业人员教育水平的提高。     

马克思价值形成理论的新探索

马克思价值形成理论的缺陷是活劳动范畴的非历史性.马克思完成从本质上认识活劳动如何形成价值时,活劳动范畴达到了思维的抽象便停止了,没有把活劳动从抽象再上升到具体,这就造成了马克思价值形成理论缺乏能够与现实的具体相对应的关于活劳动的思维的具体,解释停留在本质上而对现实缺乏解释力.创立马克思价值形成理论的第四个原理,即劳动价值形成方式原理,将活劳动从抽象上升到具体,揭示活劳动的历史性,用以从形式上说明活劳动如何形成价值.     

对劳动和劳动价值理论几个问题的思考

自马克思《资本论》发表 1 3 0多年来 ,世界发生了翻天覆地的变化 ,导致劳动领域的扩展和劳动形态的变化 ,对劳动价值论提出了一系列需要深化研究的新问题 ,诸如商品生产中的活劳动是不是价值创造的唯一源泉 ,物化劳动是不是参与价值创造 ,第三产业尤其是流通、服务领域的劳动是否创造价值 ,如何看待科技劳动、管理劳动 ,生产要素为什么要参与收入分配等等。本文试图运用唯物史观和唯物辨证法 ,结合人类社会发展历史和当前实践 ,对这些问题进行分析研究 ,并提出了一些初步的看法。     

中国的永久移民

中国的户口制度阻碍了农村居民向城市的迁移。然而,农村居民仍能通过接受较好的教育、提干或参军等方式获得城市户口。利用2002年的大样本调查,我们发现永久移民的数量大约为1亿,约占现今城市居民的20%。与留在农村的农民相比,永久移民的经济状况得到了很大的改善。成为永久移民的概率与父母教育水平、汉族身份、父母党员身份等正相关。永久移民的经济状况与获得户口时的年龄有关。较年轻时就获得户口的永久移民的收入要高于城市原住民,较晚获得户口的永久移民的收入则要低于城市原住民。尽管大部分永久移民成功地融入了城市生活,但那些通过非职业途径获得户口的永久移民,却远非如此。     

Job mobility of residents and migrants in urban China

The large-scale reform of the state-owned sector and the development of a private sector in the 1990s changed the nature of employment in urban China. The system of allocated, lifelong jobs, denoted the iron rice bowl, that had previously prevailed under state planning was eroded, permitting more labor turnover and mobility. Using an urban household survey for 1999 that has rich data on job duration and job change, we analyze inter-firm mobility in the urban labor market, its evolution, and its explanation. A distinction is made between the institutionally favored urban residents and the rural–urban migrants. The mobility rate of migrants greatly exceeds that of urban residents. The extent, patterns, determinants, and consequences of mobility for the two groups are explored and compared. Journal of Comparative Economics 32 (4) (2004) 637–660.     

发展中国家劳工标准的演进路径——对“社会倾销”指责的一种经济学解析

中国等发展中国家经常因低劳工标准而被指责为“社会倾销” ,而发展中国家则反对将劳工标准问题与贸易挂钩。本文提供了一种解释发展中国家劳工标准演进的框架。本文认为发展中国家的劳工标准必然经历一个逐步提升的过程 ,在此过程中市场机制对于劳工标准的改变有重要作用。发展中国家的劳动力由于劳动边际生产率低而向国外流动 ,同时外国资本也进入发展中国家 ,在此过程中劳工标准得到提高 ,而并不需要国际组织的外力干预。这个分析具有重要的政策含义。     

Culture and the Labor Market

This paper explores the relationship between culture and labor market behavior. An attempt is made to clarify, from an economic perspective, the meaning of culture; to discuss the importance of cultural studies in the economic analysis of the labor market; and to outline the major theoretical issues that are associated with adopting a cultural perspective on economic behavior in the labor market.     

中国农村住户参与转移就业的影响因素分析

根据2002年度全国农村住户抽样调查数据,当年农村劳动力转移就业比例达40%左右,转移农户占全部农村住户的比例达70%左右。农户对转移就业的参与概率随初始收入的提高而不断提高,至初始收入达到很高的水平之后开始下降;较多的土地资源不利于农户参与转移就业,但对农户参与就地转移的负面影响要小于异地转移;较多的农业固定资产不利于农户参与异地转移,而较多的非农业固定资产有利于其参与就地转移;家庭人口特征、社会资本等因素也会对农户参与转移就业产生影响。     

中国劳动市场一体化测度与利益评估

笔者通过比较劳动生产率和劳动边际产出的地区差异与产业差异,对我国劳动市场一体化程度及其变化趋势进行测度。研究发现改革以来,劳动市场地区分割已明显减弱,但产业分割仍然严重;工业部门存在较高技术门槛和体制门槛,传统服务业是农业劳动力转移的主要渠道。政策模拟显示,劳动市场一体化具有巨大的经济社会利益。     

Immigrant earnings differentials in Canada: A more general specification of age and experience effects

This paper investigates empirically the role of age and arrival cohort effects on immigrant earnings differentials. The dataset used consists of a sample of 5,069 adult Canadian male employees from the 1973 Job Mobility Survey, a non-census dataset that provides information on actual work experience, language attributes, and numerous parental family background characteristics. It thus allows a more general specification of foreign-born/native-born earnings differentials, particularly the effects of age, work experience and years since immigration. The results confirm the importance of cross-sectional age cohort effects and refine previous findings on arrival cohort effects. Sample selectivity bias is investigated and found to be significant only when respondent's occupation is not controlled for. Adjustment for sample selection bias leaves essentially unchanged the main findings.For their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper presented at a Labour Economics Conference at The University of Western Ontario, the authors would like to thank Martin Dooley, John Vanderkamp, Hank Farber, David Card and John Abowd. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the useful comments offered by members of the Labor Economics/Institute for Research on Poverty Workshop at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and an anonymous referee. The authors, of course, retain full responsibility for all remaining errors and shortcomings. The first version of this paper was written while the second author was visiting the Industrial Relations Section at Princeton University and the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.     

短期与长期劳动力需求曲线关系的新分析

文章基于劳动力需求分析中的替代效应与产出效应模型,对长期和短期劳动力需求曲线之间的关系进行了研究。首先归纳了对该问题研究的现有成果并指出其存在的多个问题:或潜在假设相互矛盾,或没有严格遵循利润最大化假设,或没有从个体选择的视角看问题,或没有遵循劳动力需求曲线长短期的传统定义等。其次,通过采用比较静态分析,坚持企业追求利润最大化的假设和向右下方倾斜的市场需求曲线,分析劳动力工资变化后,企业从资本数量不变到变化的最优产量决策。最后,根据企业的产量调整过程,对替代效应和产出效应提出了一个新的解释。然而,在结论上,文章的研究却不能肯定劳动力的长期需求曲线一定会比短期需求曲线更有弹性。     

Can racially unbiased police perpetuate long-run discrimination?

We develop a stylized dynamic model of highway policing in which a non-racist police officer exhibits a cognitive bias: relative overconfidence. The officer is given incentives to arrest criminals but faces a per stop cost that increases when the racial mix of her stops differs from that of the population. By observing the racial composition of jail inmates, she estimates crime rates of each race. Her overconfidence regarding eventual incarceration of criminals is shown to lead her to overestimate the crime rate of one race causing the long-run racial composition of the jail population to deviate from the “fair” one.