The First World/Third Party Criterion: A Feminist Critique of Production Boundaries in Economics

This paper examines definitions of production boundaries in economics, explores the limitations of these definitions with respect to the inclusion of unpaid domestic labor, and considers the significance of such an exploration for feminist economic analysis. Margaret Reid's ''third party criterion,'' a definition of economic activity advocated by many feminists and one used to set the production boundary for most household production models, sets an implicit market standard for defining nonmarket economic activity and therefore contributes to the marginalization of such production. Similarly, production boundaries considered appropriate in third world contexts, such as those defined in the recently revised System of National Accounts, also use implicit market standards for defining nonmarket economic activity. A ''first world'' criterion implicit in such production boundaries defines nonmarket activity as work only if it would have been dealt with on the market in the first world; this results in the inclusion of some of the unpaid domestic activity of rural women on grounds which reinforce the exclusion of work such as child care and the preparation of meals in theory and policy. Feminist economists should beware the danger of recreating implicit assumptions and definitions which result in the exclusion of unpaid domestic labor.     

工业化中政府作用的动态经济学分析

中国工业化进程中政府起到了重要作用。本文立足于新中国工业化历程,在动态经济学框架内,讨论政府通过对劳动密集型产业征税而对资本密集型产业扶持来推动工业化的问题。在理论模型的基础上,通过数值模拟,分析了稳态下税率与各经济部门的资本、产出以及社会总资本、总产出存在的倒"U"型关系,并且对税率与政府税收之间的倒"U"型关系进行了讨论。本文认为政府对劳动密集型产业过度提取不仅不利于劳动密集型产业发展,也不利于经济总量与政府税收的增长,甚至不利于资本密集型产业的可持续增长。本研究与结论部分解释了历史上我国优先发展重工业难以维系的原因,并部分揭示了当前亟需调整经济结构的内在机理。     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

J. S. Mill on Wages and Women: A Feminist Critique

"J. S. Mill on Wages and Women" questions the common belief that Mill, despite his feminism, never suggested an end to the sexual division of labor because of his devotion to the concept of efficiency and other tenets of classical economics. A review of Mill's analysis of a competitive labor market indicates that he believed it to be fully consistent with women's equality in the workforce. In fact, in his works on women, it becomes clear that Mill was concerned that the logical extension of classical economic principles might lead to the commodification of domestic duties, including child rearing, a notion he evidently feared. Therefore, it was Mill's fear of, rather than dedication to, extreme allegiance to efficiency and unimpeded capitalism that limited his feminism.     

Critical Realism,Feminist Epistemology,and the Emancipatory Potential of Science: A Comment on Lawson and Harding

In a recent contribution to this Journal , Tony Lawson (1999) claims that the methodological framework of critical realism fits the "explanatory and emancipatory projects" of feminist economics. This essay challenges his claim on the basis that a "naive" notion of science underlies critical realism. It argues that for feminist economists, a rethinking of traditional notions of scientific inquiry is just as important as the rethinking of methodology, and that one cannot be done without the other.     

经济学的二重性和在政策分析中的角色

经济学具有二重性,即兼具科学性质和人文性质.作为科学的经济学只涉及解释手段的选择,不考虑目的的选择问题.这是因为:手段的效果可以通过事实经验地证明,而目的包含价值观和伦理因素,无法转换为纯粹经验的描述.虽然不符合实证原则,但是作为人文的经济学是作为科学的经济学的前提,作为人文的经济学讨论目的的选择.在目的选择的过程中,伦理、价值判断、政治哲学等因素起着决定性的作用.社会实现稳定和谐的最终基础是道义与共识.     

韩国科技在经济转变过程中的作用

20世纪韩国的经济发展引人注目。本文以介绍韩国经济转变过程以及在此过程中实施的科技政策为基础,分析和总结了韩国科技在经济转变过程中的作用。韩国在经济与科技政策中的成功经验,对我国有可借鉴之处。     

Some Reflections on the Spatial Dimensions of Occupational Segregation

This paper considers the role that urban spatial structure may play in the process of occupational segregation, and argues that neoclassical economic models of urban employment and residential location decisions have not considered the relationship between gender-based labor market status and space. The paper provides a critical feminist perspective on how conventional urban models have been used to explain patterns of segregation, and suggests reasons for limitations in existing theoretical and empirical analysis. It also explores ways in which economists can draw on work in other disciplines to develop fuller and more useful models of the relationship between urban spatial structure and occupational segregation.     

见证中国经济周期波动研究历程——纪念《经济研究》创刊50周年

《经济研究》1978年复刊以来,作为国内外知名的经济学理论园地,成为研究中国经济体制改革和社会主义现代化建设问题的一个重要的思想库,其中,也成为中国经济周期波动问题研究的旗帜和重要园地。本文回顾了20多年来在《经济研究》上所开展的中国经济周期波动问题的研究历程,这一历程可以划分为“说明性”、“应对性”和“能动性”三个阶段。由此,不仅开拓了中国经济周期波动研究的新领域,推动了马克思主义现代经济周期理论的发展,也培养和锻炼了一批学术骨干和队伍。     

中国经济学研究与教学存在的基本问题与解决思路

当代中国经济学教学与研究面临的主要矛盾,是社会主义市场经济实践对经济理论提出的高要求与现有经济学研究与教学的相对低水平之间的矛盾。核心问题是应该如何在坚持马克思主义经济学指导地位的前提下,构建符合社会主义市场经济实践的经济理论;关键是要坚持用发展中的马克思主义经济学作为中国经济学的指导思想;重点是在辨证扬弃的基础上,大胆借鉴和充分利用西方市场经济经济学理论,将发展了的马克思主义经济学与辨证扬弃了的西方市场经济理论有机结合起来。     

经济现象的复杂性与经济学数量化的认识论局限

科学本身具有主观性和不确定性,因而数学在科学研究中本身就存在一定的限度;同时,由于社会科学所面对的对象更不确定、所获的认知更为主观,因而数学在经济学的应用存在更大的局限.一方面,经济学中预设前提的设定不同于自然科学,它存在是否合理或者存在抽象的限度问题,并体现了主体的认知和理想:另一方面,经济学中逻辑推理不同于自然科学,它不是局限于严格的数理关系上,而是关涉到人的行为逻辑.但是,现代主流经济学却主要集中于第二阶段的演绎分析,并把经济学的逻辑等同于敖理逻辑,从而导致了数学在经济学中的泛滥;正因如此,我们必须重新审视经济学的研究方法,审视数学在经济学中的应用限度.     

转型经济学向何处去

转型经济学是当前国内外经济研究的热门领域之一。随着研究的不断深入,转型经济学开始逐渐与其他经济学分支走向融合。然而,这并不意味着对转型经济的研究是没有意义的,正相反,转型经济研究对经济学家提出了更高的要求,只有将转型经济的起点———计划经济、终点———市场经济,以及两者之间的过渡阶段有机结合起来,才能为转型国家的经济发展找到准确的发展方向和现实的发展途径,进而为完善和发展经济学理论开辟道路。     

保护生物多样性的生态经济学研究

生物多样性是近年来的环境热点问题之一。长期以来,对生物多样性的研究多局限于自然科学领域,然而,要有效的保护生物多样性必须了解其对人类和在国民经济系统中的重要性,以及生物多样性损失的原因,研究表明,经济上的原因是生物多样性的损失的主要原因,因此,本文从经济学角度来研究,评估生物多样性的经济价值,研究经济活动、经济政策与生物多样性状态之间的联系,并提出生物多样性可持续利用的经济政策。     

以色列地方经济发展经验的借鉴与思考

保持地方经济可持续发展是每个国家都十分重视的一项工作，以色列在地方经济发展中拥有了较为全面的发展经验，这种经验在实践中已显现出其巨大的社会与经济效益。以色列地方经济发展体系及实践经验对我国地方经济发展具有一定的借鉴作用。     

A Feminist Review of Behavioral Economic Research on Gender Differences

This study provides a critical review of the behavioral economics literature on gender differences using key feminist concepts, including roles, stereotypes, identities, beliefs, context factors, and the interaction of men’s and women’s behaviors in mixed-gender settings. It assesses both statistical significance and economic significance of the reported behavioral differences. The analysis focuses on agentic behavioral attitudes (risk appetite and overconfidence; often stereotyped as masculine) and communal behavioral attitudes (altruism and trust; commonly stereotyped as feminine). The study shows that the empirical results of size effects are mixed and that in addition to gender differences, large intra-gender differences (differences among men and differences among women) exist. The paper finds that few studies report statistically significant as well as sizeable differences – often, but not always, with gender differences in the expected direction. Many studies have not sufficiently taken account of various social, cultural, and ideological drivers behind gender differences in behavior.     

从"转变经济增长方式"到"转变经济发展方式"的理论思考

把对经济工作考察的视野从经济增长扩大到经济发展,这符合世界经济发展的一般规律.从"转变经济增长方式"到"转变经济发展方式"的提法创新,是党和国家对我国经济发展规律认识进一步深化的一个重要标志,体现了落实科学发展观、实现经济又好又快发展的内在要求."转变经济发展方式"比"转变经济增长方式"内涵更丰富,在思路上应以节能减排为抓手,以结构调整与优化升级为载体,以体制改革与创新为保障,确保转变经济发展方式的各项工作取得新突破、新进展.     

股价走势与实物经济相脱离的行为经济学分析

本文应用行为经济学的基本理论论证:与实物经济基本面因素相比,投资者损失规避行为是影响股票价格一个更为重要的因素,这在一定程度上可以解释股价走势与实物经济运行相脱离的现象.结论同时得到实证数据的支持,实证证实,与发达国家相比我国股市中投资者损失规避行为更为显著地影响股市的收益水平.本文进一步指出,在解决中国股市若干基础性问题的同时,积极输导和调控投资者行为因素也是关乎股市良性发展的一个重要问题.     

Parasitic-Industries Analysis and Arguments for a Living Wage for Women in the Early Twentieth-Century United States

This paper examines arguments by activists and economists surrounding attempts to establish minimum wages for women in the United States in the Progressive Era. In particular, the paper focuses on analyses based on Beatrice and SidneyWebbs' argument that industries paying less than a living wage were "parasitic" on the society, a net drain on macro-efficiency. This analysis, widely accepted among economists of the time, viewed women as particularly vulnerable workers facing labor markets that were institutionally constructed and predatory. Unequal gender roles, employer power, and the absence of collective bargaining could all result in wages that were socially unacceptable as well as economically nonoptimal. These debates offer insights for modern feminist wage theories, and for current living wage campaigns.     

基于经济增加值的企业全面预算管理研究

基于经济增加值的企业全面预算管理是以价值创造为战略导向,以经济增加值为核心业绩指标的一种高效预算管理方法。本文将考虑资金机会成本的经济增加值作为核心业绩指标贯穿于全面预算管理的全过程,提出了基于经济增加值的企业全面预算管理方法。在介绍经济增加值由来和内涵的基础上,提出了全面预算管理基本框架,对全面预算管理体系的构建进行了阐述。按照全面预算管理框架结构,将经济增加值这一核心业绩指标导入全面预算管理的全过程,依次就EVA预算编制方法、EVA预算执行、预算差异分析和预算考评激励四个预算管理环节的具体构建程序和方法进行了探讨,并以一般企业的一般情况为蓝本,为企业基于经济增加值的全面预算管理体系的建立提供了方向和建议。     

调整优化经济结构 促进发展方式转变

调整和优化经济结构,促进经济发展方式转变是长期而艰巨的战略任务,要考虑多方面因素,制定长期目标和阶段性目标。调整和优化经济结构,转变经济发展方式既要依靠政府政策,更要发挥市场配置资源的基础作用。