An exploratory study of emotional attributes in radio commercials

Certain advertising attributes can trigger emotional responses and advertisements employ such features in order to stimulate audiences in a pleasurable way. This study of radio commercials tried to isolate some of the attributes in advertising that elicit an emotional response, specifically happiness. The results show that variances in some commercial attributes can, indeed, predict variances in subjective emotional experience.     

领导行为中的情绪感染研究述评

近年来,情绪感染理论在领导行为研究领域得到了很大重视和发展。情绪感染理论的引入为企业管理研究提供了独特的视角。领导行为中情绪感染的影响因素包括交往双方的个人差异和个人以外的情景因素两个方面。交往双方在情绪表现力和情绪敏感度两个方面的个人差异均有可能对情绪感染产生影响。领导行为中情绪感染研究的研究方法有情绪唤起水平与传递的处理、领导者—追随者关系的确定以及数据资料采集方法三个方面。今后国内学者可以从深化个体差异和情景因素对领导行为中情绪感染过程的影响研究,领导行为中的情绪感染研究需要综合各种研究方法,着眼于领导理论的发展来开展未来研究等方面深入探讨领导行为中的情绪感染。     

Effects of culturally verbal and visual congruency/incongruency across cultures in a competitive advertising context

Existing consumer behavior theories suggest that consumers tend to recognize, better comprehend, and respond favorably to information that is both relevant and consistent with their beliefs and values. This study extends these theories by employing cultural arguments and pictures to examine the effects of culturally verbal and visual congruency/incongruency on consumer ad and brand attitudes in multiple-ad and multiple-brand environments. The studies were conducted with subjects in Canada and China. The results suggest that, when the contrast ad is culturally incongruent, an ad containing a culturally congruent argument and congruent picture elicits the most positive responses, compared to other ads with different combinations of arguments and pictures. However, an ad containing a culturally incongruent argument and incongruent picture also elicits more positive responses than an ad with a culturally congruent argument and incongruent picture or a culturally incongruent argument and congruent picture.     

情调营销:实体店的生存之道

面对网店的冲击,实体店的生存面临考验。于是,本文发出了"实体店会消亡吗?"的疑问,针对上述疑问,本文指出情调营销是实体店的生存之道,另外,在情调的营造上,本文还指出实体店要善于运用五种情调语言。     

Is sexy better than funny? Disentangling the persuasive effects of pleasure and arousal across sex and humour appeals

Although it is well known that sex and humour can help sell products, hardly any research has examined whether there is something particular about sexual advertisements that makes them more persuasive than other appeals. The present research proposed an empirically robust way to test the persuasiveness of different emotional appeals (sex, humour, control) by matching them on pleasure and arousal levels. Two experiments (N = 162; N = 301) examined the combined persuasive effects of different levels of pleasure (moderate, high) and arousal (moderate, high) for sexual and nonsexual appeals. Study 1 used a 3 (appeal: sexual, humorous, control) × 2 (pleasure level: moderate, high) between-subjects design. Study 2 employed a 2 (appeal: sexual, control) × 2 (arousal level: moderate, high) × 2 (pleasure level: moderate, high) design. The main dependent measures were attitudes towards the ad, attitudes towards the brand, and purchase intentions. The results showed that highly pleasant ads increased persuasion regardless of arousal and content, and that sexual appeals outperformed nonsexual appeals only under conditions of moderate pleasure and high arousal.     

让品牌拥有属于自己的香气

情调营销即以情调为卖点的营销。作为情调营销的崭新工具,香气营销开始风行。香气营销的风行绝非偶然,它是由旺盛的需求和不足的供给共同推动的结果。作为新兴的品牌识别,香气识别凭借超凡的功效,开始成为新时代下品牌形象塑造的一大利器;相对于其他的社会阶层,香气营销应将其主要的目标群体锁定在日益扩大的中产阶层上;香气营销的应用前景看好;作为新兴的产业,国内嗅觉产业的可持续发展取决于法律、市场、观念等方面的合力,也就是知识产权的保护、中产阶层的规模、审美观念的流行等三方面条件的改善。     

浅谈情调营销的机遇与挑战

情调营销即以情调为卖点的营销。进入感性经济时代,情调营销得到了各行各业的广泛关注。目前,企业的情调营销除了要面临三大机遇之外,同时还要面临三个方面的主要挑战,即实体店大幅减少,快餐文化盛行,过度细分化的市场等方面。面对挑战,企业应保持稳定的价值观,应以情调为卖点进行有效的跨界营销;在情调营销的实施中,企业除了要运用鲜活的视觉语言、听觉语言,还要运用新奇的嗅觉语言、味觉语言、触觉语言,并令五种语言相互配合、彼此呼应,只有这样最终才能达到"2+3〉5"的情调体验效果。     

浅论网络广告的问题与监管

进入互联网时代以后,网络广告铺天盖地而来,在极大促进广告市场繁荣的同时,也出现了隐性广告、不正当竞争、欺诈虚假广告、个人信息的泄漏、取证难等监管问题。我国现行法律对网络广告的某些概念缺乏规定,没有合理有效的标准进行界定;部分规定笼统空洞,缺乏技术性,难以适用;证据很难保留,监管部门存在技术上的薄弱,不能进行有效监督和管理。我国应借鉴互联网大国美国的法律规范与广告管理经验,从完善立法、完善监管部门、广告自律三方面采取对策。     

Intergenerational appeal in advertising: impacts of brand–gender extension and brand history

An intergenerational (IG) appeal in an advertising campaign usually presents a nostalgic image with family portraits, emphasizing the traditions that have been passed on from generation to generation or harkening back to the ‘good old days’ between father and son, or mother and daughter. The IG appeal can effectively enhance a brand's image and induce that all-important consumer purchase. This paper takes gender differences (father/son or mother/daughter) into consideration while examining two moderators related to branding: (in)congruent brand–gender extension and brand history. Results indicate that a well-established brand history enhances the effects of the IG appeal. In addition, a congruent brand–gender extension increases the effects of the IG appeal. More interestingly, IG appeals can be effective in presenting a less established brand which has an incongruent brand–gender extension.     

Culture-Based Values and Management Style of Marketing Decision Makers in Six Western Pacific Rim Countries

ABSTRACT

Given increasing advertisement clutter, advertisers are increasingly trying unconventional means to attract consumers' attention. One such method involves the use of incongruent ads, which are believed to attract viewers' attention. This research was conducted to ascertain the impact of audiovisual congruency in ads and the moderating role of product involvement on three facets of consumer response: attention to the ad, attention to the brand, and purchase intentions. Participants were shown one of eight TV ads for 30 seconds, following which they were asked to rate the ad on several dimensions. Results indicated, as expected, that congruent product and music type elicited favorable consumer responses. However, contrary to earlier findings that congruency in ads affects consumers in both high- and low-involvement conditions, we find that that the level of involvement moderated this effect on some consumer persuasion measures. In particular, participants under high-involvement conditions were found to be less influenced by congruent product–music situations. Implications for advertisers are discussed.     

Information content of Super Bowl commercials 2001–2009

Using Resnik and Stern's (1997) method, this study examines the information content of the ads embedded in the telecasts of the largest sporting event in the United States, Super Bowl. The findings of a content analysis of over 400 Super Bowl ads aired from 2001 to 2009 show that each ad contained on an average two informational cues, which are as much informative as other television ads in the United States. The packaging or shape, quality, and performance cues are the three most frequently used informational cues. In addition, think products appeared to contain a more diverse set of informational cues compared to feel products. Practical and theoretical implications and future research directions are discussed.     

It's no longer mine: the role of brand ownership and advertising in cross-border brand acquisitions

Although cross-border brand acquisitions are increasingly common in the global marketplace, research on how consumers respond to them is limited. Building on social identity and psychological ownership theories, we introduce the concept of brand ownership to the advertising literature, and show its negative effects on consumer reactions to a brand acquisition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that consumers’ disidentification (i.e., an oppositional motivation) with an acquiring country moderates the negative effect of consumers’ brand ownership on consumer attitudes after a brand acquisition. The results reveal that consumers with high levels of brand ownership develop more negative post-acquisition brand attitudes when a brand is acquired by a country with which consumers strongly disidentify (i.e. dissociative vs. out-group). Furthermore, our research introduces the concept of a brand ownership appeal in advertising, and demonstrates that it is an effective advertising strategy in enhancing post-acquisition brand attitudes for consumers with high levels of brand ownership. Important theoretical and managerial advertising implications conclude this research.     

Supporters’ Perceptions of Benefits Delivered by Different Charity Activities

Donating time and money are traditional ways individuals support charities. Other support activities include buying charity products, attending events, or sponsoring others. The proliferation of activities means that charity marketers often face difficult decisions when designing a portfolio of support-generating activities. This research draws on the social exchange theory to examine 11 charity-support activities from the supporter’s perspective. Drawing on Australian data from a survey of 248 supporters of a wide range of charities, we use correspondence analysis to map each activity against four benefit dimensions (material, social, expressive, and personal commitment). We quantify overall supporter perceptions of benefits delivered by engaging in each activity and use multinomial logistic regression to identify how past experience can shape perceptions of activities. We discuss academic and managerial implications, including whether or not specific attributes are more useful to recruit or to retain supporters.     

Social Alliance for Fundraising: How Spanish Nonprofits Are Hedging the Risks

Social pressure on companies is leading to a growing concern about the corporate relationship with the community. On the other hand, the progressive reduction on governments' grants leads nonprofits to diversify their sources of revenue and to turn to companies for funds. However, there has been a change in this relationship. Their margin for cooperation is now broader, and the level of involvement is deeper. This results in the formation of alliances between them. Based on the literature and the results of a series of interviews with marketing managers at nonprofits and companies, this paper analyses the opportunities and risks associated to this type of partnerships, with a special emphasis in the nonprofits' needs and mission. Secondly, we describe how Spanish nonprofits are hedging the risks. Finally, guidelines and information sources are provided in order to reduce the uncertainty contingent to this type of alliances.