Is There a Glass Ceiling over Germany?

This paper analyzes the gender wage gap across the wage distribution using 2010 data from the German Statistical Agency. I investigate East and West Germany and the public sector separately to account for potential heterogeneities in wage gaps. I apply unconditional and conditional quantile regression methods to investigate the differences between highly paid men and women in distributions conditional and unconditional on covariates. The results indicate increasing gender wage gaps in all estimations, suggesting that there is indeed a glass ceiling over Germany even after controlling for a large set of observable characteristics (including occupation and industry). This finding is even more pronounced when also taking bonus payments into account.     

Social security generosity,budgetary deficits and reforms in North Cyprus

This paper estimates the fiscal burden of the historical pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) Social Insurance Pension System in North Cyprus and analyzes the appropriateness of the 2008 reforms that introduced the new Social Security Pension System. Estimates are made of the system deficit. To bring the magnitude of the unfunded cost of the pension system down to a sustainable level, major parametric reforms will need to be made to the system. These include increasing the age of retirement, increasing the rate of contributions, changing the method of indexing of pension benefits and decreasing the theoretical replacement rate of the pension benefits.     

From Generosity to Sustainability: The Austrian Pension System and Options for its Reform

Austria has one of the world's highest pension expenditures relative to GDP, largely because of the generosity of its pension system. This paper examines the institutional setup of the Austrian pension system and projects its medium- and long-term development based on current policies. The projection results show a swift worsening of the finances of the pension system. With the already high level of contribution rates, pension expenditures, and budget transfers, the results underscore the need for reform. Much of the necessary reform can, however, be achieved by maintaining the structure of the system and adjusting some of its key parameters, as begun in the recent pension accord. The paper outlines options for further reform steps.     

中国农村扶贫的政策效应分析——基于能力贫困理论的考察

中国农村制度化扶贫是一种开发式扶贫战略,其政策效应日益削弱:农村绝对贫困人口更为分散;相当数量的真正贫困人口没有能力从扶贫项目中受益;现行的扶贫策略也难以有效针对疾病、教育等致贫风险。现阶段中国扶贫政策在收入救助的同时,更应该注重提高贫困风险人群应对贫困风险的能力。     

高等教育与社会资本:性别视角下的审视

使用中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心\"中国教育长期追踪调查\"数据,分析大学生求职就业中所呈现出的性别差异,社会资本对大学生求职的影响及作用机制的性别差异。女大学生社会资本存量、尤其是自致性社会资本存量并不低于男大学生,她们对于社会资本的利用程度也并不弱于男大学生,但社会资本对男女两性就业的影响体现出明显差异。相较于女性,社会资本对男性就业发挥更大作用。刻板化的性别意识会阻碍社会资本对女大学生就业的促进作用,从而难以缩小大学生就业的性别差异。     

我国社会保障水平对城乡收入差距的影响

从理论上说,社会保障制度负有调节收入差距的制度使命,西方福利国家的发展实践也证明了这点。但在我国,由于社会保障制度本身的不公平,一直被质疑对收入分配存在\"逆向调节\"效应。运用Pooled OLS模型,借助于2007-2011年的省级面板数据,重新检验了新时期我国社会保障水平对城乡收入差距的影响。财政社会保障水平的效应不显著,而社会保障水平的正效应已经开始显现。说明随着我国城镇社会保障制度的扩面(农民工是主要受益者)以及农村社会保障制度建设的全面启动,我国社会保障制度正向调节城乡收入差距的\"时间窗口\"已经出现。     

政策性金融创新探究--论政策性银行和社会保险可能的融合

本文的创新之处在于首次将社会保险纳入政策性金融的范畴,论证了社会保险的本质决定了它与政策性银行一样同属于政策性金融.进而认为社会保险可通过政策性银行业务进行某种形式的融合以发挥政策金融的整体优势,使国家信用在二者之间融会贯通,充分运用,减少国家信用外溢.在当前相互独立的政策性银行和社会保险之间构架联系的桥梁,使政策性资金在政策性金融机构进行体内循环,以解决当前政策性银行面临的资金来源的困境和社会保险基金管理及运用中存在的一些不容忽视的问题.较为详尽地论证了政策性金融进行融合的必要性和可行性,并在此基础上对政策性金融融合的方式进行了探讨.     

新农保与农村低收入家庭贫困脆弱性*——基于精准扶贫背景和不同贫困标准

为考察新农保在精准扶贫时期能否降低农村低收入家庭的贫困脆弱性,本文利用2014—2018年家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据,基于2 300元/年和每人每天32美元两类不同贫困标准衡量的贫困脆弱性指标,采用双向固定效应模型和工具变量法进行实证检验。研究发现,总体而言,缴费参与新农保对农村低收入家庭的贫困脆弱性具有显著削弱作用,但领取新农保在一定程度上加剧了农村低收入家庭的贫困脆弱程度。根据领保状态的分阶段分析发现,缴费参与新农保和缴费参保人数增加对未领保家庭和领保家庭的贫困脆弱性都具有显著改善作用,但领取新农保和领保人数对贫困脆弱性没有显著影响。异质性分析表明,缴费参与新农保可以改善健康成员家庭的贫困脆弱性,对无储蓄家庭和无借贷家庭的贫困脆弱程度具有显著缓解作用。机制检验表明,缴费参与新农保可以通过提高家庭生产性固定资产和减少代际转移,进而缓解家庭贫困脆弱性程度,而领取新农保则通过增加子女对老人的经济支持而加剧家庭贫困脆弱程度。     

上海推行遗属保险可行性研究

由于死亡具有不可预测性和不可规避性,跳出社会救济范畴,通过精算将遗属津贴纳入社会保险体系成为发达国家的普遍做法。遗属保险不仅保障了遗属的基本生活,还很好地推进了性别平等。中国社会保障制度尚未将遗属生活保障完整地架构在社会保险体系之中。上海,作为中国经济最发达的城市,在两性预期寿命日趋拉大的情况下,有条件也有必要尽快试行遗属保险制度。     

缩小企业与机关事业单位退休职工养老金差距问题研究

企业与机关事业单位退休职工养老金存在较大差距,从2002年开始,这个差距在400元以上;企业退休职工平均养老金占机关事业单位平均养老金的70%及以下,这极大地损害了社会保障制度的公平原则。缩小企业与机关事业单位退休职工养老金的差距需要加快事业单位分类改革、分阶段实施养老金“双轨”改革、完善企业（职业）年金制度等。     

The fable paradigm of the gender pay gap： Evidence from Portuguese private firms

This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to be systematically underpaid in predominantly female occupations, regardless of the industry. The authors found that gender pay gap is larger in domestic firms, and it increases with employees＇ accumulated tenure and decreases with advanced education for women and on labor market entry. Despite showing some encouraging cracks, the glass ceiling still continues to prevent women from reaching top management positions. Finally, despite it appears wage disparity does exist, and it will probably continue to exist, the results point towards a window of opportunity for women.     

Is Australia Really a World Leader in Closing the Gender Gap?

Abstract

In the World Economic Forum (WEF) 2006 Global Gender Gap report, Australia was highlighted as a world leader in closing the gender gap. With reference to the Economic Participation and Opportunity Index (one of four components in the WEF Gender Gap Index (GGI)), this article assesses whether or not Australia is deserving of this recognition. Closer analysis shows that convergence in the participation gap flowed from increased participation in part-time, low-paid, and precarious jobs. Research also shows that women's entry into professional jobs has led to the feminization of some positions and that vertical segregation remains an ongoing problem. In highlighting these disparities, this article questions the capacity of the GGI to provide an adequate understanding of women's labor market participation and economic attainment.