Do not sell marriage short: Reply to strober

This paper explains why marriage market conditions may affect the participation of women in the labor force. In particular, it is claimed that changes in cohort size affect marriage market conditions and therefore women's labor-force participation. The paper also indicates how a theory of labor and marriage based on market analysis can possibly help women's causes. The paper first addresses theoretical issues raised by Strober. It then responds to her critique of empirical work.     

Women's gender-type occupational mobility in Puerto Rico, 1950 — 80

Abstract

This paper investigates the patterns and determinants of women's mobility into and out of male-dominated occupations in Puerto Rico during a period of rapid development between the 1950s and the early 1980s. The paper uses data from the Puerto Rico Fertility and Family Planning Assessment of 1982, which includes detailed retrospective calendar histories of women's employment and other life-course changes. An event history approach allows an examination of the effects of human capital, family status, socialization, and opportunity structure in the labor market on women's entry into male-dominated occupations and their subsequent shifts to other occupations. The findings indicate that women's entry into male-dominated occupations increased for first jobs during this period of economic development, and there was modest cross gender-type mobility among women who experienced job changes. Finally, the variables more directly tapping labor-supply factors show stronger effects on women's labor-force behavior than those more directly tapping labor-demand factors.     

When do product architectures mirror organisational architectures? The combined role of product complexity and the rate of technological change

In the modularity literature, an architectural decomposition and ‘mirroring’ between task boundaries, knowledge boundaries, and firm boundaries has been suggested as a way to enhance managerial efficiency and as a source of potential strategic advantage. Despite its intuitive appeal, empirical support for ‘mirroring’ is significant but mixed. In this paper, we utilise an industrial economics and knowledge-based perspective to hypothesise how the combined effects of product architecture type, product complexity and the rate of product component change may influence task, knowledge and firm boundaries and hence be associated with either phases of mirroring or non-mirroring (‘misting’). We suggest that whether mirroring or misting is an efficient strategic choice is influenced by the characteristics of both the product architecture and the rate of technological change at the product component level, and changes across time as products evolve. Our framework helps to reconcile existing mixed evidence and provides the foundation for further empirical research.     

Does the Effectiveness of Employment Incentive Programs Vary by Firm Size?

This article examines the impact of national employment incentive programs on employment growth of individual firms in the original fifteen member states of the European Union (EU-15). We investigate whether this impact differs among firms of different size classes, and whether the effectiveness of employment incentive programs depends on the business cycle. We find that expenditures on employment incentives have a positive impact on employment growth for firms of all sizes. However, this impact is significantly reduced for smaller firms, suggesting that employment incentive programs are less effective for small firms. We also find that the employment impact of incentive programs is stronger during recessionary periods, but only for firms without any employees (i.e., own-account workers).     

Energy price-induced and exogenous technological change: Assessing the economic and environmental outcomes

In this paper, we distinguish between factor/output substitution and shifts in the production technology frontier. Our model includes the by-products of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions where the function requires the simultaneous expansion of good outputs and reductions in emissions. We estimate a directional output distance function for 80 countries over the period 1971–2000 to measure the exogenous and oil price-induced technological change. On average, we find substantial oil price-induced technological progress at the world level when long-term oil prices are rising, although the growth rate is more volatile in developed countries than in developing countries. The results also show that developed countries experience higher exogenous technological progress in comparison with developing countries, and the gap between the two has increased during the period of our study.     

企业组织与工业可持续发展--以河南省为例

本文在阐明企业的性质和组织形态的基础上,以河南省为例,分析了企业组织在工业可持续发展中的作用、企业组织的演变与存在的问题,提出了实施企业组织可持续发展的若干政策建议.     

THE LABOUR MARKET IMPACT OF THE UK DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT: EVIDENCE FROM THE REPEAL OF THE SMALL FIRM EXEMPTION

This paper uses data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey in the UK (1997–2006) and changes in the coverage of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA), that result from the removal of the small firm exemption, to assess the labour market impact of the legislation. The data support a narrowing of the employment gap between the disabled and non‐disabled over the post DDA period. However, the evidence based on small firms does not support this being a direct result of the employment provisions of the DDA.     

后发企业技术学习和技术能力增长的互动模式研究

技术学习和技术能力增长实现持续互动将会推动后发企业竞争优势的动态提升。本文通过分析后发企业技术学习和技术能力增长相互作用的过程,提出了两者的互动模式:基于平台渐进发展的互动模式和基于平台跃进的互动模式。这两种模式通过持续循环实现后发企业持续不断地发展。最后结合某汽车排气系统有限公司的案例进行实证分析,以期为我国企业技术战略的制定和调整提供重要的依据。     

雇佣形式在公平感、组织承诺对组织公民行为影响中的调节作用

组织公平和组织承诺对于组织公民行为有显著的正向影响.由于工作的特殊性,某些组织中(如电力系统)临时工较多,甚至超过了正式工的人数.临时工和正式工对于组织公平感的不同感知会影响到组织公民行为,并且临时工和正式工对组织承诺的不同会对组织公民行为产生显著影响,这证明了雇用形式对于组织公平感与组织公民行为关系,以及组织承诺与组织公民行为关系的调节作用.     

技术创新、劳动力就业与产业模式选择:假说、框架和检验

从技术和劳动力的替代关系假说出发,探讨中国产业发展过程中技术创新、劳动力就业和产业模式之间的内在联系。研究发现:随着劳动效率的提升,三次产业内部确实存在技术替代劳动力的情况;但从整体和长期来看,技术创新虽然推动了产业结构调整和经济增长,但对劳动力就业总量的影响不显著;只有当大规模技术变革引起产业发生结构性变动时,技术替代劳动力所带来的失业现象才会出现。得出结论:就业在相当大的程度上表现为宏观经济增长的结果,与技术创新的关系并不明朗。     

What did China’s labor contract law do to its private manufacturing firms?

Well-intended employment protection legislation may have adverse consequences. This paper uses Chinese firm-level data to assess the impacts of China’s Labor Contract Law, effective on January 1, 2008. My results show that, relative to public firms, private firms as a whole were negatively affected in terms of firm-level year-to-year employment changes. The law had negligible effects on employment and wages in firms with high wages. At the same time, employment fell and wages rose in firms with low wages. Moreover, firms who did not train workers intensively to acquire firm-specific skills had more job turnover than firms who did. Finally, I study how labor demand responded to the law along the extensive margin. For regions that experienced abrupt declines in labor mobility, possibly due to stricter labor regulation enforcement following the enactment of the Labor Contract Law, firm exit rose significantly, suggesting large incidence of mass layoff.     

我国海外直接投资的特点及制度创新

我国海外直接投资在发展中存在着一些突出问题,而制度风险是我国海外直接投资发展中的"瓶颈"。当前应注重加强我国海外直接投资的创新培育,主要包括宏观管理模式创新、跨国经营机制创新、财务管理制度创新、企业组建模式创新以及海外投资信息管理模式的创新。