Financial Globalization,Social Exclusion and Financial Crisis

This paper suggests one set of mechanisms that ties financial globalization processes to local dynamics of financial inclusion or exclusion. Specifically, this paper explores the worldwide reconsideration of financial firms’ strategies that has accompanied financial globalization. It is shown that the neoliberal and asymmetric‐information approaches to credit markets and financial crises in developing economies overlook these dimensions of financial globalization because of their tendency to focus on representative credit markets. Banks’ strategic shift has led to the global homogenization and stratification of financial practices—and this in turn has been a key driver of processes of financial exclusion. Financial exclusion then involves bifurcation within financial markets, so that different markets serve different portions of the household and business population. This analysis suggests a reconstruction of Minsky’s microfoundational model of the origins of financial fragility and crisis, which shifts from Minsky’s emphasis on a representative borrower–lender relationship to a situation of borrower–lender relationships in bifurcated markets.     

美国金融危机成因分析及对中国的警示

美国金融危机引发全球金融市场动荡。这场金融危机从美国的房地产市场开始，以惊人的速度蔓延，波及至信贷市场、资本市场，封全球尤其是西方金融机构和金融市场造成重大冲击，短期内升级为全球金融风暴。中国目前正处于资产价格上涨、信贷投放过度的经济环境之中，美国的金融危机给中国敲响了警钟。本文通过描述此次危机的发展脉络，在分析美国金融危机背景的基础上，从强化房地产按揭贷款业务风险管理，审慎推进资产证券化等六个方面得出了对中国的警示。     

Financial Returnees as New Agents in East Asia: The Case of Korean Private Equity Funds

Although the standing of Anglo-American capitalism has been badly damaged by the global economic crisis, the return of the state in emerging markets is by no means assured. Over the past decade, financial processes originating in Anglo-American markets, such as derivatives, hedge funds and mergers and acquisitions (M&A), have made quiet headway in emerging markets. One of the transmission channels is financial returnees, defined as elites returning to domestic finance from either global finance abroad or from foreign financial institutions in their home countries. Many financial returnees pursue business agendas that parallel the Anglo-American model, while portraying themselves as local for domestic constituencies. These actions are now especially visible in the rise of private equity funds in emerging markets. This article defines the concept of a financial returnee and charts the impact of these individuals in importing the Anglo-American private equity model to Asia with Korea as the primary case study. Once foreign-controlled, the private equity industry in Korea is now domestically-run and financial returnees have been integral in this sector's short but important history.     

金融服务创新—关注金融排除人群

消除金融排除、实现普惠金融是全面和谐小康社会建设和金融业自身健康持续发展的要求。金融服务创新是应对金融排除的必然路径。     

金融包容：新型危机背景下金融 地理学视阈的新拓展

新型危机背景下，金融空间结构由于路径依赖而呈现的刚性开始松动，金融包容成为实现社会公平、协调、增长、共赢的必需手段。它是金融排斥理念的拓展与深化，也是动态、多层次、复合维度理念，不仅包括微观供求主体的包容，也涵盖了区域层面的包容共生，即各区域经济、金融、社会的协调、城乡金融协调以及区际金融协调。影响金融包容的因素包括需求、供给与社会三个方面，其作用渠道与强度随国别、文化、历史、经济、社会的不同而有所差异，深度包容比宽度包容更为重要，不能将其简单理解为金融普惠。包容的精髓在于充分信息下所有参与主体的机会均等、自主选择与互利共赢。     

财务报告信息质量、风险与权益资本成本--来自我国沪深股市的经验证据

本文以我国沪深股市2007—2013年上市公司为研究对象,检验了财务报告质量、公司信息风险与权益资本成本之间的关系。研究结果表明,财务报告质量并不是投资者需要定价的系统风险因素,而是一种非系统性风险。尽管财务报告质量反映了信息风险的不确定性,但这种公司特定的信息风险并没有被投资者定价,它并不会提高公司的权益资本成本。     

Does Financial Sector Development Augment Cross-Border Capital Flows?

ABSTRACT

The sharp increase in volatility of capital flows in recent years has resulted in many countries altering the regulations governing the flow of foreign capital only to find such changes having a limited impact. We postulate that one reason for the limited effectiveness of such changes in regulations is the level of financial sector development in the country. As a country enhances its level of financial sector development, it also develops more and more sophisticated financial instruments. The more advanced the domestic financial instruments are, and the deeper is the integration of the domestic financial markets with the world markets, the greater is the likelihood of developing strategies to bypass capital account management measures. In this paper, we use various empirical techniques to identify the impact of financial sector development on capital flows, after accounting for regulatory regime. The empirical results indicate that there is a threshold effect in the financial sector development capital flow relationship. In particular, financial sector development augments greater integration with global capital flows only above a threshold level. Below the threshold level we find financial development reduces the extent of integration with global capital markets.     

金融排斥对农户收入的影响——基于PSM方法的经验分析

从贷款、储蓄、证券和关系4个维度构建金融排斥指标,采用倾向得分匹配法分析了4种类型的金融排斥对中国农户收入的影响。研究发现:证券排斥对农户收入的影响最大,储蓄排斥、贷款排斥和关系排斥的影响依次递减;证券排斥和储蓄排斥对东部地区农户收入的冲击较大,贷款排斥和关系排斥对西部地区农户收入的影响较大。指出:高收入地区应注重开发涉农金融产品,低收入地区应保证提供基础信贷;应实施分类瞄准的普惠性金融政策。     

金融创新与金融风险的“孪生性”辩证

金融是现代经济的核心。金融创新是金融市场的＂催化剂＂,它＂催生＂了各个子市场的形成和发展,不断推动金融市场的完善与成熟。在当前国际金融危机的大背景下,文章以金融衍生工具为＂链条＂,分析了金融工程学、金融创新和金融风险之间的逻辑关系：金融工程学是＂载体＂,金融创新是表现形式,金融风险是一种另类的潜含结果。同时,详细探讨了金融创新和金融风险之间的辩证关系：三者都是金融市场存在和发展的产物。澄清金融创新与金融风险之间内在的市场联系,对建立与我国经济发展相适应的成熟的金融市场具有重要的指导意义。     

The impact of news,oil prices,and global market developments on Russian financial markets1

This paper analyses the impact of news, oil prices, and international financial market developments on daily returns on Russian bond and stock markets. First, regarding returns, energy news affects returns, while news from the war in Chechnya is not significant. Market volatility does not appear to be sensitive to either type of news. Second, a significant effect of the growth in oil prices on Russian stock returns is detected. Third, the international influence on Russian financial markets depends upon the degree of financial liberalization. The higher the degree of financial liberalization, the stronger is the impact of US stock returns on Russian financial markets. In addition, banking reform and interest rate liberalization efforts seem to dictate the globalization of Russian stock markets, while it is the progress in liberalizing securities markets and non‐bank financial institutions that matters more for the globalization of Russian bond markets.     

Financial constraints on export market exit of domestic firms versus foreign multinational corporation subsidiaries in South Korea

Using a Korean manufacturing firm-level data set covering a range of years from 2006 to 2013, this study investigates how the financial condition of firms, such as liquidity, leverage, and cash flow ratio, affects exit from export markets. It also analyses whether the financial status of foreign multinational corporation (MNC) subsidiaries differs from that of domestic firms with respect to the hazard of export market exit, especially during a global financial crisis. The empirical results confirm that, for domestic firms, the hazard of export market exit is affected by the firms’ financial condition only during a financial crisis. In other words, the financial vulnerability of domestic firms increases during the crisis, resulting in the hazard of export market exit. However, financial situations for foreign MNC subsidiaries do not affect exits from export markets, indicating a ‘finance-factor comparative advantage’.     

试论金融危机下我国的金融生态及其优化

金融作为一国经济的核心,对于社会的持续健康发展具有极其重要的作用。近年来,我国金融市场快速发展,为我国经济发展起到了积极的推动作用。但随着世界经济形势的不断变化以及金融市场风险的不断加剧,特别是本轮金融危机对全球金融市场的重大影响,使得我国金融生态环境受到多方面的冲击。文章在分析金融危机对我国金融生态环境造成的冲击的基础上,通过构建评价我国金融生态环境的指标模型,提出了恢复和优化当前我国金融生态环境的政策建议。     

中小企业金融排斥程度的省域差异*

由于我国地区发展不平衡,企业信贷资金配置也存在明显的区域失衡问题。研究中小企业金融排斥的省域差异及其影响因素,对于差别化金融政策制定与实施、提升金融效率、缓解中小企业融资困境有重要现实意义。本文基于金融排斥理论,构建了五维度中小企业金融排斥指标体系,设计省域中小企业金融排斥指数并测度构成因素的贡献度。结果表明,金融排斥省域差异主要表现为东部地区中小企业自我排斥程度较轻,而中西部地区较重;金融供给方排斥因素占主导,其中地理排斥影响最大;技术条件排斥略大于金融需求方主动排斥。因此,减缓中小企业金融排斥需要从不同地区金融服务供给者与信息机制建设等方面入手,同时引导企业降低自我排斥,提升融资效率。     

中国金融制度的改革回顾与创新思考

中国金融制度改革在制度供给绝对匮乏的条件下起步，中经七年的准备探索、十年的制度框架构建和四年的调整、充实、深化阶段。改革的主线是从计划金融传向市场金融的制度创新。十十年金融改革推动了金融发展，改变了制度运行环境，启动了制度的要求与供给互动机制；中国金融改革内涵是是从计划走向市场，从封闭走向开放，从数量扩张向效益提高，制度创新是带全局性的，改革必须能揽全局。发展是永恒主量，改革是历史性任务，开放是制度转型期改革和发展的必然要求；21世纪中国金融制度创新和金融发展，需要认真研究金融发展的新阶段及其特点，结合“十五”期间中国金融发展面临的理论和实践发展的挑战，直面WTO，完善金融组织体系、金融市场体系、金融监管体系和金融调控体系，提高金融效率，保卫金融安全。     

An Institutionalist Framework for a Consistent Financial Regulation

Abstract:

In the light of recurrent systemic crises that financialized market economies have been experiencing since the 1980s, this article seeks to determine the conditions required for a regulatory framework apt to ensure financial stability. Drawing upon an Institutionalist Minskyian endogenous financial instability approach, the article studies the fragilities of liberalized finance and points to some policy alternatives able to lead to an alternative financial regulatory model that is consistent with macroeconomic stability. It argues that in a weak regulatory environment financial markets naturally generate instabilities that could turn into systemic crises. The analysis maintains that in order to deal with such crises, a tight supervision should be framed under the aegis of public authorities and suggests some rules to develop a relevant regulatory system through an open and democratic decision process. Two points then deserve particular attention: a macro-prudential approach that regards instability as a systemic (non-individual) issue, and a preventive approach that aims at preventing systemic-risk generating activities from taking control over the markets.     

Nonlinear integration of London and Amsterdam stock markets in the 1700s

The financial markets in London and Amsterdam were some of the first to develop. Using threshold autoregressive models, we use data on two commonly traded stocks in these cities to show that the joint behaviour of the prices is consistent with the theory of arbitrage in the presence of transportation costs. The results suggest that prices converged more quickly as the price difference between the two markets increased. We also show that the threshold estimates are consistent between assets and across time. These results provide some of the earliest evidence of nonlinear mean reversion in asset prices in geographically separate financial markets.     

Evaluating international financial integration under leverage constraints

The global financial crisis has undermined many economists' views about the benefits of open financial markets. Anecdotal evidence seems to indicate that financial linkages may propagate shocks during crises. This paper develops a simple two-country model in which financial liberalisation across countries takes place in the presence of credit market distortions within countries. Countries may be subject to macro risk coming from productivity shocks and direct shocks to the credit system (‘financial shocks’). Three different degrees of financial linkages between countries are examined. It is shown that the type of financial integration is critical for both macroeconomic outcomes and welfare. In particular, financial integration in bond markets alone may increase aggregate consumption volatility and reduce welfare. Financial integration in both bond and equity markets generates high positive co-movement across countries, but is welfare-improving.     

Where states and markets meet: the financialisation of sovereign debt management

Financial markets play an indispensable role in the management of sovereign debt, that is, the mechanics of how and from whom governments borrow. This paper suggests a novel, two-dimensional concept to measure the financialisation of sovereign debt management (SDM): (1) the reliance on financial markets as a governance mechanism and (2) the adoption of a sense-making framework grounded in financial economics. We split this concept into nine indicators and apply it to data from 23 OECD countries between 1980 and 2010. Our analysis illustrates the predominant commonalities across countries, but at the same time, country-specific differences. We interpret them as two sides of the same coin in the light of an overarching trend of increasing alignment to financial markets. This article is not only one of the first cross-national as well as longitudinal studies of the dynamics in SDM; it also reveals that the relationship between finance and governments in the SDM is by no means one-sided.     

Googling Investor’s Sentiment: Powerful Measure in Conventional and Islamic MENA Financial Markets

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to investigate whether investors' sentiment measured by the Internet search behavior constitutes a valid measure of investor’s sentiment on Islamic and conventional indexes of emerging and frontier financial markets in MENA countries. In fact, we examine the relation between googling investor’s sentiment and monthly Islamic and conventional index returns during the period 2004–2016. Using the Dynamic Conditional Correlation, the BEKK-GARCH and the wavelet coherence models, we confirm that googling investor’s sentiment is a perfect indicator of investor’s sentiment measure. Indeed, we find that this measure has the ability to reflect major events such as subprime financial crisis, oil crisis and Arab spring revolution affecting MENA Islamic and conventional index markets. Our finding indicates that investors can use googling investor’s sentiment as an indicator to predict returns and volatility of emerging and frontier markets since it reflects the behavior and emotions of investors in MENA financial markets.     

Financial Matching, Asymmetric Information and Entrepreneurial Risk Taking

We study financial matching in credit markets when entrepreneurs have private information about their success potential. Entrepreneurs can search for financing for either a “risky” or a “safe” investment and only the risky project is sensitive to entrepreneurs' intrinsic “types”. There is excess risk taking in the sense that entrepreneurs with inefficiently low success probabilities choose the risky investment. However, steady states featuring greater market liquidity are associated with higher efficiency. As market liquidity also reflects the intensity of competition among financiers, earlier results which indicate a negative relationship between competition and allocative efficiency do not hold in our setup.