浅议房地产定价策略

定价策略对房地产营销有着重要意义。随着国民经济的发展,市场的日趋成熟,集团购买力的逐渐减弱,合理的定价策略在市场竞争中的地位日渐突出。本文对房地产企业的定价策略进行了较为深入的探讨。     

超市:你该准确定价──浅析超市运用定价策略提高定价水平

在市场竞争中．企业的价格策略同其他竞争策略相比其有不可替代的作用,在某种程度上,我们甚至可以这幺说．企业的各种竞争策略最终都将在定价决策上得到实现,因此．产品定价是企业最重要的决策之一．价格的合理与否在很大程度上决定了企业的成功与否．如何运用定价策略提高定价水平?     

定价机制对我国电子支付产业发展的影响

本文分析了定价机制对电子支付领域中银行卡产业发展的影响,通过典型案例剖析了我国ATM查询交易定价机制的演进过程,指出银行卡业务存在激烈的市场竞争,所以零售定价主要由市场决定,但是在跨行业务的接入市场,则存在市场支配权力问题,因此需要政府的干预,由政府根据业务成本、市场需求、市场竞争包括银行卡查询交易的替代方式等因素,制定合理的收费结构和收费水平.     

商战--超市卖场的定价策略探析

在市场竞争中,企业的价格策略同其他竞争策略相比具有不可替代的作用,价格是销售竞争的主要手段.在某种程度上,甚至可以这么说,企业的各种竞争策略最终都将在定价决策上得到实现.因此,商品定价是超市卖场最重要的决策之一,价格的合理与否在很大程度上决定了企业成功与否;价格策略失误,就会削弱商品和企业的活力.2002年底,广东华润万佳和百佳一场低价比拼言犹在耳,两家超市凭借着几分钱的鸡蛋,几毛钱的烤鸡"厮杀"的不亦乐乎,最终不得不由当地的物价部门出面,通过行政手段强行叫停了这出"闹剧".因此,在众多的超市竞争中,如何运用定价策略提高定价水平,对超市卖场的盈利和发展是至关重要的.     

定价新理念

在激烈的市场竞争中 ,使顾客满意 ,建立顾客忠诚已成为企业生存与发展的重要因素。定价作为营销活动中重要的一部分 ,也应做到使顾客满意。而传统的定价理念已很难完成这一使命 ,因此 ,有必要提出新的定价理念就是以消费者满意为导向的定价理念 ,以适应市场竞争。     

论企业平行定价行为之规制

企业的平行定价行为在寡头垄断市场上是一种常见现象,也有其经济上的合理性,但是如果平行定价行为被作为一种垄断协议或者协同行为的工具,将对市场竞争和经济发展造成巨大的危害。实践中,如果不能发现企业之间进行过沟通,就很难依据现行的反垄断法及其配套规定进行反垄断规制。中国的反垄断执法要谨慎对待企业平行定价行为,通过采取有关措施,在合理分析的基础上,有效防止扰乱市场竞争秩序的行为。     

经济学角度的定价策略初探

在市场经济中,调节市场参与主体之间关系最直接的因子是价格。价格直接影响需求和供给行为。某个商品甫一面世,定价就便随着它,贯穿整个生命周期。定价策略在市场营销学里有系统的阐述,在经济学中却少有讨论。了解到在学界有需求曲线可以向上的观点后,本文以新古典经济学中供求关系曲线、成本曲线、市场竞争关系曲线,和需求、供给弹性等经济学概念为工具,探讨了不同类型的商品,确定定价区间和进行价格调整之间的不同。通过合理地限定假设条件,可以得出与营销学定价策略相同的结论,表明从经济学角度考虑定价策略是行得通的。     

基于价值的定价

菲利普·科特勒曾经一再强调说:定价是一种战略。而在现实中,公司也习惯性地运用"价格战略"这样的词语,这种行为在绝大多数时候都服务于一个目的,那就是利用价格杠杆来影响市场竞争态势。不久之前一上市就连创了好几个月销量冠军的广州丰田凯美瑞汽车,其定价在上市之前就被众人百般     

定价策略在我国服装业应用现状与发展前景研究

我国作为一个服装生产大国,在服装业生产和消费领域都有着举足轻重的地位。企业除了提高企业产品质量,选择合理的分销渠道,掌握竞争对手同类产品竞争态势以外,企业在关注国际环境变化的同时,结合自身的情况选择和制定合理的定价机制和体系也显得尤为重要。     

竞争导向下企业定价流程再造

在市场竞争日益加剧的情况下，企业产品定价应该从市场竞争出发，重构目前的成本导向定价流程。     

2011年房地产政策调控成效评价及2012年市场预测

中国房地产调控目标已由"遏制房价过快上涨"升级为"促进房价合理回归",在归纳2011年住房市场主要运行特征的基础上,引入协调度匹配指数模型对2001年～2011年中国住房价格是否达到"合理回归"进行了评价,并从影响住房市场的需求、供给及调控政策三个方面,对2012年中国住房市场运行趋势进行了预测。     

Price and profitability in fish smoking in southwestern Nigeria

Comparative market prices for four freshwater and four marine fish species in the raw and processed forms were determined in a survey within Lagos and Oyo States of Nigeria. Costs of processed fish were calculated relative to the sale prices of their raw equivalents, taking moisture differences and cost of processing into consideration. All the species would have to be sold in the processed form for much higher prices than was found during the survey if sales were to be by weight. Processed catfish, sardine, mudfish and mackerel appear to be sold at a loss while three species (tilapia, sole and bongafish) are sold at very marginal profit. Only tigerfish is sold at reasonable profit. It is suggested that anyone going into fish smoking as a modern business venture should be prepared to face unfair competition in pricing from the small operators who appear to be underpricing their products and who currently dominate almost the entire fish market in Nigeria.     

Competition in the LM market

This paper considers the competition in the LM (land-to-mobile) market mainly by focusing on how access charges are determined in a competitive environment. Contrary to the widely held belief, the main beneficiary to introducing competition into the LM market (except consumers) is the mobile network operator if LM services are homogeneous. This is due to its ability to charge differentiated access fees to each of the LM service providers thereby inducing them to compete for LM retail prices. Also, competition in the LM market raises social welfare by eliminating double marginalization. Thus, the regulation imposing uniform access charges is socially undesirable in the sense that it hinders LM service providers from effectively competing for retail prices.     

衡量房价合理回归标准的思考

房价合理回归就是要通过对房价的调控使其回到合理水平,它体现了中央政府对房价调控的决心和信心,反映了城镇居民的心声和期待。判断房价是否合理回归,一看房价是否与城镇居民收入相适应;二看房价是否与成本和合理利润相匹配。要促进房价合理回归,必须坚持房价调控政策不动摇,巩固房价调控成果;努力降低商品住房成本,制止开发商暴利行为;理顺收入分配关系,增加城镇居民收入;加大保障性住房建设力度,构建住房保障体系;抑制住房投机需求,维护市场秩序,以实现房价调控目标。     

The Effects of Market Concentration and Horizontal Mergers on Hospital Costs and Prices

Antitrust advocates believe that horizontal consolidation in hospital markets can reduce competition and increase prices while merger advocates believe it can benefit consumers by reducing service duplication. This study analyzed the market conditions, operating characteristics, and costs and prices of approximately 3500 short-term general hospitals (including 112 within-market-area mergers) from 1986 to 1994 to investigate the effects of market concentration, hospital mergers, and managed care penetration. The results show: a shift away from non-price competition toward price competition in health care markets; that this shift was fueled by increased market penetration by price-sensitive buyers; that horizontal hospital mergers produced average cost savings of approximately 5%, which were generally passed on to consumers as lower prices; that cost savings were generally greater for mergers of similar-size hospitals, with a higher degree of duplicative services, and with lower pre-merger occupancy rates; and some evidence that post-merger price reductions were smaller in less-competitive markets.     

Price formation in channels of distribution with differentiated products: Theory and empirical evidence

This paper presents a theoretical and empirical study of price formation in markets where goods differ in two attributes, perceived quality of each variety, and service provided by the store where the good is sold. Price competition in the vertically differentiated market is modeled as a two-stage game where manufacturers choose the contract that determines wholesale prices, and retailers choose consumer prices. One important novelty of the paper is that it contemplates competition between brands of different quality in the same store, and competition between brands of the same quality sold at different stores. This is in fact the situation observed in the domestic detergent market and the predictions of the model can be used to guide the empirical analysis of the data available for such market in the area of Barcelona, Spain.     

OBSERVABLE MANAGERIAL INCENTIVES AND SPATIAL COMPETITION

In this paper we investigate the relationship between product market competition and managerial incentives within a circular city model with observable agency contracts. With respect to the case of unobservability studied by Raith (2003 ), we find that optimal managerial contracts provide lower incentives, and that equilibrium expected prices and profits are higher. Changes in competition fundamentals have ambiguous effects, but observable contracts alleviate their impact on incentives. Finally, observability involves three major implications: managerial incentives are higher under price regulation than under competition; prices may increase with the number of firms; consumer welfare may diminish when competition increases.     

Price Differences in Consumer Goods in Retail Markets

Abstract

This study analyses the effects that competition causes on the dispersion of prices in the mass market products. Therefore, a model is proposed that integrates the vertical, spatial and market environment factors that make up the competitive structure of the retail trade distribution sector. The results obtained, after processing a database of more than 19,000 records, indicate that various indicators of these three levels of competition exercise a decisive influence on determining the final prices of the analysed products. Likewise, the research allows verifying that there are significant differences in the effect caused by the analysed factors on the dispersion of prices, thereby depending on the considered product category (packaged goods versus fresh food).     

Competition Effects in a Liberalized Railway Market

This paper presents a game-theoretic model of a liberalized railway market, in which train operation and ownership of infrastructure are vertically separated. We analyze how the regulatory agency will optimally set the charges that operators have to pay to the infrastructure manager for access to the tracks and how these charges change with increased competition in the railway market. Our analysis shows that an increased number of competitors in the freight and/or passenger segment reduces prices per kilometer and increases total output in train kilometers. The regulatory agency reacts to more competition with a reduction in access charges in the corresponding segment. Consumers benefit through lower prices, while individual profits of each operator decrease through a higher number of competitors. We further show that the welfare effect of increased competition in the freight and/or passenger segment is ambiguous and depends on the level of competition. Finally, social welfare is higher under two-part tariffs than under one-part tariffs if raising public funds is costly to society.     

Welfare gains from Foreign Direct Investment through technology transfer to local suppliers

We hypothesize that multinational firms operating in emerging markets transfer technology to local suppliers to increase their productivity and to lower input prices. To avoid hold-up by any single supplier, the foreign firm must make the technology widely available. This technology diffusion induces entry and more competition which lowers prices in the supply market. As a result, not just the foreign-owned firm, but all firms downstream of that supply market obtain lower prices. We test this hypothesis using a panel dataset of Indonesian manufacturing establishments. We find strong evidence of productivity gains, greater competition, and lower prices among local firms in markets that supply foreign entrants. The technology transfer is Pareto improving — output and profits increase for firms in both the supplier and buyer sectors. Further, the technology transfer generates an externality that benefits buyers in other sectors downstream from the supply sector as well. This externality may provide a justification for policy intervention to encourage foreign investment.