我国良种补贴、农机补贴和减免农业税政策效果分析

本文利用国际上农业政策效果评价的重要方法之一——实证数学规划模型,基于在河北、河南和山东省5个县340户农户调查数据,对良种补贴、农机补贴和减免农业税政策措施的效果从对粮食产量和农民收入的影响两个角度进行了定量分析,并解释其政策含义。     

农业补贴政策实施效果的影响因素分析——基于河北省376个农户调查

本文以河北省376个农户的调查数据为依据,通过Log it模型对农业补贴政策实施效果的影响因素进行了实证分析,结果表明,农业补贴政策的实施效果受到农户所处地理位置、农户收入水平和农作物种植面积的影响。基于此,本文提出加大农业补贴力度、加强对种粮大户的支持和补贴方式应该体现区域差别等相关政策建议。     

农机购置补贴政策:效果与效率——基于激励效应与挤出效应视角

2004年,农机购置补贴政策出台,对中国农业机械化发展起到了较大推动作用。然而,其具体效果和效率如何,学界缺乏系统的测算。本文基于激励效应与挤出效应的视角,构建面板模型,测算了2008～2015年农机购置补贴政策对农机保有量和农业机械化水平的影响,以验证农机购置补贴政策的效果;并在模型中引入时间与农机购置补贴资金的交互项,进一步探讨了农机购置补贴资金随着时间的推移是否存在效率损失现象,以验证农机购置补贴政策的效率。研究发现:第一,农机购置补贴资金对农机保有量有显著的正向影响,2008～2015年间对农机保有量增量的贡献率达40.41%;第二,农机购置补贴资金对农业机械化水平有显著的正向影响,2008～2015年间对农业机械化水平增量的贡献率达18.27%;第三,农机购置补贴资金对农机保有量和农业机械化水平的年度边际贡献在持续下降:2008～2015年间,农机购置补贴资金每增加1万元/公顷,农机保有量增量由17.33千瓦/公顷减少到6.49千瓦/公顷;农机购置补贴资金每增加100元/公顷,农业机械化水平的增幅从1.05个百分点减少到0.18个百分点。基于此,要最大程度地发挥农机购置补贴政策的效果和效率,应调整农机购置补贴结构,全面实施"缩范围、降定额、促敞开"的既定政策,加强信息统计和区域农机保有量饱和状态预警,设置农户享受大型农机购置补贴的土地经营面积门槛。     

茂名市农业补贴绩效分析

本文从茂名市的农业概况、农业补贴的基本情况、农业补贴政策存在的问题以及政策建议等几个方面来分析该市农业补贴绩效。目前农业补贴政策存在的问题集中在补贴方式不完善,粮食增产增收政策目标有待加强;种粮补贴标准偏低,弱化政策效果;工作量大,缺乏工作经费;衣机购置补贴方案下达太迟,机具核实成本高。对此,我们建议：对种粮直补政策做适当的调整,促进农业结构的调整;提高补贴标准,增加工作经费;尽早下达农机购置补贴的实施方案,改革机具核实方法。     

职教资讯

2014年国家深化农村改革、支持粮食生产、促进农民增收政策措施 据农业部网站发布的信息,2014年国家强农惠农政策有50项：种粮直补政策,农资综合补贴政策,良种补贴政策,农机购置补贴政策,农机报废更新补贴试点政策,新增补贴向粮食等重要农产品、新型农业经营主体、主产区倾斜政策,提高小麦、水稻最低收购价政策,产粮（油）大县奖励政策,生猪大县奖励政策,农产品目标价格政策,     

分享发展视野下农业补贴政策实施的问题与解决路径

分享改革发展成果是我党的重要执政方略,实施农业补贴政策是为了将改革开放成果分享给广大农村群众,进一步提升农村群众的幸福感和获得感。农村补贴政策的实施需要国家指导和宏观调控,进一步提升农业补贴政策的规范性和合理性,为此应进一步完善农业补贴政策措施,加强农业补贴政策宣传和解读,制定相应的法律制度和监管机制,确保农业补贴政策得到有效落实,真正地惠及更多百姓。     

农民对粮食直接补贴政策的评价与期望——基于河南、辽宁农户问卷调查的分析

本文以河南、辽宁两省农户问卷调查数据为基础，全面分析了农民对粮食直接补贴政策的评价和期望。通过分析发现：样本农户对粮食直接补贴政策的评价较高，希望补贴标准再有一个较大幅度的提高，更倾向于按粮食种植面积进行补贴，对直接支付现金的做法认同程度较高；市场价格、种植习惯和是否对种粮农民进行补贴是农民在决策种粮时考虑的三个最主要的因素；保护价收购、减免农业税和直接补贴是提高农民种粮积极性最主要的三项政策措施。上述研究发现对于完善我国粮食直接补贴政策的含义在于：坚持直接补贴的“特惠性”、逐步提高补贴标准以及完善粮食市场宏观调控体系等。     

日本农业补贴政策的调整及启示

日本政府一直重视以农业补贴形式来支持本国农业发展,使日本农业成为基础扎实、保障充分、安全稳定的产业部门。研究日本农业补贴政策,对于有着相似自然资源条件的我国而言大有裨益。本文简要介绍了日本农业补贴类型,分析了其利弊得失,对WTO农业协定后农业补贴政策的调整趋向进行了归纳,最后以日本经验为启发,对我国“反哺期”的一项重要制度安排——农业补贴政策提出了优化主张。     

国内农业补贴政策研究综述

国内关于农业补贴政策的研究主要涉及农业补贴政策目标、农业补贴水平、农业补贴国际经验的比较、农业补贴政策的实施效果、WTO农业补贴的规则及其影响、我国农业补贴政策的完善等几个方面。     

农业支持保护补贴实现政策目标的影响路径研究

2016年我国全面实施农业支持保护补贴政策,取得了一定效果,但尚未完全实现其政策目标。本文基于农户视角,运用结构方程模型对农业支持保护补贴实现政策目标的影响路径进行分析,得到政策认知度和政策满意度对种粮积极性有正向路径影响、政策认知度和政策满意度对保护耕地地力有正向路径影响、种粮积极性对保护耕地地力有正向路径影响、保护耕地地力对粮食适度规模经营有正向路径影响,并提出政府需要加强宣传力度,提升补贴标准和提高补贴资金使用效率等建议。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.