房地产税征管中的房地产批量评估问题研究

批量评估能够低成本、高效率地完成大规模目标财产的价值评估,同时可以更好地体现纳税人之间的一致和公平。我国的房地产税税基评估应以批量评估方法为主。本文阐述了批量评估的概念和基本理论,并对批量评估应用中涉及的诸如影响因素选择与量化、评估区域确定、模型的构建与校准、评估质量控制等实际问题进行了有益探讨。最后,建议我国推行房地产批量评估技术必须首先做好基础工作,再按渐进的方式展开。     

我国房地产税税率设计研究

我国现行的房地产税制存在着很大的问题, 已经与我国的经济运行状况很不适应了。本文在对国内的研究成果进行综述的基础上,提出整理与归并现有房地产税制,以建立新的房地产税制的设想。同时, 运用定量的方法测算了新的房地产税的税率,并从另一个角度检验了该税率的合理性。     

我国房地产税收基本情况及房地产税改革研究

在地方财力短缺和土地出让收入难以为继的大背景下,房地产税改革大势所趋。作为土地财政转型的主要方向,房地产税收是更为稳定、可持续的补充地方财力的手段,但是我国房地产税制还存在税制要素设计不合理、税负结构“重流转、轻保有”等问题,房地产税改革仍存在一定难点。因此,推动房地产税改革还需具备加快房地产税立法、完善房地产税制等条件。     

美国房地产税的经验及启示

美国的经济发展水平较高,财产税是地方财政收入的支柱,2008年美国房地产市场爆发了信贷危机,房地产市场跌幅较大,财产税制度的影响作用值得深入研究。本文通过对美国的财产税进行深入分析,以期为我国的房地产税制改革提供参考借鉴。     

房地产税国际比较文章(五) 房地产税征管中的信息共享、争议解决与强制执行

作为每年定期征收的直接税,房地产税面临两大征管难题,一是如何解决评估所需信息的完整和透明,尽可能实现公平;二是纳税人对评估结果产生争议,甚至于拒缴税款如何处理。在这两方面各国都进行了不同的尝试,初步建立了信息共享和争议解决制度,为我国提供了很好的借鉴。     

海外房地产税比较

就世界范围而言,房地产税是一类极端多种多样的税种,不同国家甚至同一国家的不同地区之间,房地产税在收入地位及预算级次归属、课税范围、税基、税率、税收优惠等方面均存在差异。究其原因,主要是因为国家结构形式、预算管理体制和地方税体系、政府政策意图、经济发展水平和税收征管能力不同。我国在房地产税改革中,不能盲目照搬发达国家模式,而应当立足中国实际,从他国房地产税的设置中汲取有益且适应中国国情的经验,使房地产税在收入筹集和社会经济调节方面发挥应有的作用。     

北欧及新加坡房地产税功能定位比较

目前,大多数国家都开征了房地产税,由于财政制度、经济发展水平等具体国情不同,各国对房地产税的功能定位也不相同。本文分别对北欧及新加坡房地产税功能定位模式形成的背景、制度设计两个方面进行了比较分析,为我国房地产税改革提供参考和借鉴。     

美国房地产税的征收实践——以乔治亚州克拉克县为例

本文以美国乔治亚州克拉克县及克拉克县学区的房地产税为例,介绍了该税在美国的税基评估、税率和使用等方面的实践。本文认为,应扩大房地产税在我国的覆盖面,使之成为地方政府的重要财政收入;同时,扩大房地产税征收的公开和透明程度。     

A new test for equitable real estate tax assessment

Paglin and Fogarty (1972) proposed a correct conceptual view of equitable property tax assessment, but attempts to find an empirical test of their model have become mired in technical issues. The new empirical test proposed here is based on the notion that the market value of an individual property is essentially unobservable.Empirical results for 52 towns in Connecticut show that the new model (a 2SLS procedure) removes a substantial part of the biases present in other tests. Moreover, the 2SLS procedure provides a method for removing the time trend from sales prices. Thus, sales prices can be adjusted to the date of assessed value allowing evaluation of assessment practices as opposed to assessment lags. This refines previous approaches, and it substantially expands the number of transactions that can be used to evaluate equity in property tax assessment practices.     

Local property tax differences and business real estate values

This article posits a model of the effect of differences in changes in local property tax rates on changes in the business real estate tax base. It is also hypothesized that changes in the tax base influence changes in the property tax rate. Empirical findings for metropolitan Chicago are that both differences in property tax changes and levels have large effects on the growth of the value of business real estate. Also, changes in the property tax rate are found to depend upon changes in the tax base as well as the property tax level and its previous change.     

房地产开发企业所得税政策解析

对房地产行业收入及成本核算不规范、税款偷逃流失严重的现象,2003年7月21日,国家税务总局出台《关于房地产开发有关企业所得税问题的通知》(国税发[2003]83号,以下简称“83号文”),明确了房地产企业所得税的征税问题。本文将就有关政策的含义以及应缴税款计算等问题进行重点分     

Risk management of real estate: The case of real estate swaps

Real estate swaps are a recent financial innovation based upon the principle of comparative advantage. A real estate swap is a useful tool for real estate risk management and for participating in real estate investment without the high costs associated with real estate. Potential economic benefits and costs associated with real estate swaps are considered and real estate swaps are compared to alternative tools for real estate risk management. The expected utility and effectiveness of risk management with a swap in a multiperiod framework are analyzed. The analysis finds that the subject property's return and its risk characteristics (as reflected in its correlation with interest rate and property index returns) delimit the risk management potential of a given swap position. Optimal swap positions are shown for various regions and property types based on historical return series, from the period between 1983 and 1992, and the parameters of the dynamic model developed.     

Risk and return in real estate

Basic information is provided on the returns and risks from 1978 through 1985 for unleveraged equity real estate compared with stocks and bonds. Data sources include the Russell-NCREIF index, the Evaluation Associates index, and the Goldman Sachs equity real estate investment trust index. Findings reveal that the aggregate return for the publicly traded equity real estate investment trust index in nearly twice that of the other real estate series, and more than twice that of the Standard & Poor index. The equity real estate investment trust is far more volatile than the other two real estate series. Neither the Goldman Sachs nor the other two indexes exactly measure the returns or risks on equity real estate. The volatility of the equity real estate investment trust leads it to overstate the risk of this investment category, while the other two indexes are not return indexes. Estimates from this study indicate that real estate risk lies plausibly midway between that of stocks and bonds, in the 9 percent to 13 percent range.     

Franchising and real estate brokerage

This paper examines the value of franchise affiliation to real estate brokerage firms. It uses a national sample to estimate models of brokerage firm sales and revenues. The results suggest that franchisees sell more properties than nonaffiliates, but that the average franchise sale results in less revenue. The net benefit of franchise affiliation is a 9.0 percent increase in net revenue to the average firm. We compare the initial cost of affiliation with the benefits and find that the up-front fees charged by franchisors are substantially lower than the present value of the stream of incremental profits generated by franchise affiliation.     

The persistence of real estate cycles

This paper presents a model that attempts to explain the underlying causes of the prolonged cycles observed in real estate markets. In addition, the paper characterizes the features that make some property types more prone to such boom-and-bust behavior. The combination of demand uncertainty, adjustment costs, and construction lags leads to two phenomena that may help explain market persistence. The first phenomenon is the reluctance of owners to adjust occupancy levels, even in the face of large shifts in renter demand. The second phenomenon is the occurrence of periods of sustained overbuilding: the addition of new supply in the face of already high vacancy rates.     

The value of risk in real estate markets

In this article we test the urban asset pricing model of Capozza and Sick (1988) and focus on the empirical dimensions of the effects of risk on urban land prices. The effects of systematic and unsystematic risk are distinguished in the model which incorporates the value of the option to convert land to urban uses into the pricing of urban real estate. We find the value of systematic risk in our Canadian urban areas to be negative and highly statistically significant. We find that approximately 2.5 percent of the value of houses in our sample arises from systematic risk. In our sample, unsystematic risk is a larger proportion of total risk than systematic risk. Therefore, most of the effect of total risk may be ascribed to unsystematic risk. The effect of total risk on land prices is illustrated through the irreversibility premia estimates. These premia vary greatly in size and statistical significance. Thus, the effect of unsystematic risk is highly city specific. In the two regions where the irreversibility premia are statistically significant, it accounts for 22 percent and 53 percent of the average housing price; thus, unsystematic risk can be a very important determinant of housing prices.These results highlight the importance of risk in determining urban land prices. The value of the option to convert land to urban uses imparts considerable value to developed land and must be considered when evaluating interurban area price differences.