乡村地域“三生空间”功能演化与耦合协调度研究 ——以黑龙江省为例

研究目的：研究黑龙江省乡村地域“三生空间”功能演化与耦合协调度,为促进乡村地域“三生空间”协调发展提供理论依据,为实现乡村可持续发展提供策略参考。研究方法：构建乡村地域“生产—生活—生态”功能评价指标体系,运用熵权法和耦合协调度模型,识别黑龙江省2009—2018年“三生空间”功能时空演化特征及三者之间的耦合协调关系。研究结果：（1）黑龙江省乡村地域生产功能、生活功能均明显弱化,生态功能波动不大;（2）乡村地域生产、生活功能有明显的集聚特征,主要表现为“四周高—中间低”,且二者高值区在时间维度上不断收缩,说明乡村地域的生产和生活功能均在不断萎缩,主要是受到东北乡村地区人口流失的影响;（3）黑龙江省乡村地域耦合度与耦合协调度整体较高,但是2009—2018年呈现不断下降趋势。研究结论：乡村地域发展策略包括：（1）采取“精明收缩”策略来应对乡村地域生产、生活功能的衰退;（2）促进乡村地域多功能同步协调发展;（3）基于不同乡村地域的特殊性,提出差异化发展的政策建议。     

耕地利用多功能权衡关系测度与分区优化 ——以河南省为例

研究目的:分析河南省耕地利用多功能空间分布特征、多功能权衡关系区域差异,提出分区优化管控措施。研究方法:耦合协调度方法、权衡强度方法。研究结果:(1)河南省各县(区)耕地利用多功能呈现明显的空间异质性,中原城市群生产功能和社会保障功能优势明显,黄淮平原生产—生态功能强;(2)多功能协调度、权衡强度空间差异明显,中原城市群和豫北地区协调程度高、权衡强度低;(3)全省可耕地划分为多功能高协调区、多功能低协调区、单功能主导区、生产—生态协调区、生产—社会保障协调区、生态—社会保障协调区6大区域。研究结论:研究结果与河南省区域发展战略定位相符,揭示河南省耕地利用多功能分布和权衡关系,划分不同类型区并提出优化建议,为河南省农业空间管控提供决策支持。     

基于县域尺度的江苏农业多功能权衡与协同时空特征

目的 深入系统揭示江苏县域农业多功能权衡/协同时空关系,是统筹不同农业功能特征地域协调发展的关键。方法 文章在解读农业多功能内涵基础上,从“粮食生产—经济发展—社会保障—生态涵养”4个维度构建评价指标体系,综合运用熵值法、ESDA模型及Spearman相关系数等方法分析1978年以来江苏农业多功能时空分异及权衡/协同关系。结果 （1）1978—2019年县域尺度江苏农业粮食生产功能空间格局呈现“北移”态势,经济发展、社会保障功能高值集聚在苏南,而生态涵养功能空间上表现“依山傍水”分布格局。（2）粮食生产功能与经济发展、社会保障功能呈现“先协同后权衡”变化趋势,与生态涵养功能表现出较强的权衡关系;经济发展功能与社会保障功能呈现协同关系,而与生态涵养功能表现出较强权衡关系。（3）县域尺度粮食生产—经济发展功能协同HH型从苏锡常逐渐向苏北演化;苏南地区粮食生产—社会保障功能由协同HH型演化为权衡LH型;粮食生产—生态涵养功能协同HH型主要集聚在连宿地区;经济发展—社会保障功能协同HH型主要集聚在苏南县域;经济发展—生态涵养功能协同HH型主要分布在宁镇扬及苏北部分县域。结论 结合不同农业地域功能权衡/协同特征,凸显不同农业地域主导优势功能,提出乡村振兴背景下江苏农业地域功能优化的差异化路径。     

武汉市土地利用多功能时空变化及耦合协调特征分析 ——基于“两型社会”试验区建设前后的对比

研究目的：定量测度武汉市土地利用多功能时空演变规律,分析其耦合协调特征,为实现土地资源高效利用、检验“两型社会”建设成效提供参考。研究方法：格网分析法、指标空间化模型、综合指数模型、耦合协调度模型。研究结果：（1）2005—2018年,武汉市二级土地利用功能时空分异显著,农业生产功能、生物保护功能、景观保育功能总体表现为减弱趋势,产值功能、人口承载功能、建筑承载功能、气候调节功能总体表现为增强趋势,其中产值功能增幅最大;（2）经济功能和生态功能整体有所下降,减幅分别为23.04%和0.49%,社会功能有较大提升,增幅为66.93%;（3）3个时期武汉市土地利用总功能均值分别为0.206、0.202和0.204,呈先减后增的趋势,硚口区、江汉区、江岸区功能提升最为显著,呈现出以城市中心到外延“高—低—高”的圈层式分布格局。研究结论:“两型社会”试验区设置后武汉市土地利用多功能耦合协调度先降后升,良好协调区以江汉区为中心规模扩张,武汉市土地利用多功能间的耦合协调水平呈现增强的优化发展态势,不同行政区土地利用多功能协调性有待增强。     

中国省域生态文明建设与金融集聚耦合协调发展研究

为统筹推动省域生态文明建设与金融集聚协调发展,在深入剖析两者之间耦合机理的基础上,构建生态文明建设和金融集聚评价指标体系,利用犹豫模糊语言TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)灰色关联投影法测算2013～2017年中国省域生态文明建设水平和金融集聚水平,并运用耦合度模型和耦合协调度模型分析生态文明建设与金融集聚系统耦合协调度的变化特征与时空差异。研究结果表明:总体来看,中国省域生态文明建设与金融集聚耦合协调度不高,耦合协调类型跨越了中度失衡、轻度失衡、濒临失衡、勉强协调和中级协调5个等级,其中,生态文明建设滞后型、金融集聚滞后型和生态文明建设与金融集聚双滞后型省域所占比重分别为10%、30%和60%;2013～2017年中国30个省(区、市)耦合协调度的空间格局大体保持稳定,生态文明建设与金融集聚的协调发展程度呈现出东部地区高于中部地区、中部地区高于西部地区和东北地区的总体特征;中国省域生态文明建设与金融集聚耦合协调度在2013～2017年总体趋势是升降参半,且升速略高于降速,除贵州省和吉林省由中度失衡上升为轻度失衡、山西省和广西壮族自治区由轻度失衡下降为中度失衡之外,其余各省(区、市)耦合协调类型保持不变。     

安徽省县域乡村“三生”功能及耦合协调时空格局分析

[目的]通过探索乡村地域生产、生活、生态“三生”功能的交互关系和演化规律,为安徽省乡村空间功能优化、乡村发展活力提升、乡村生态环境改善建设提供参考。[方法]文章基于乡村“三生”功能测度指标体系和耦合协调度模型,测算1997—2017年安徽省县域乡村“三生”功能的发展水平和耦合协调度,并利用空间自相关分析揭示了乡村“三生”功能耦合协调的时空格局演化特征。[结果]（1）研究期间,安徽省乡村“三生”功能发展水平空间差异缩小,乡村发展水平趋向均衡,其中生活功能对乡村发展起到主导作用。（2）安徽省乡村“三生”功能耦合度整体较高,以高耦合和良性共振耦合为主,空间上呈现西高东低的特征。（3）安徽省乡村“三生”功能耦合协调水平主要表现为基本协调,呈北低南高和片状分布的特征,区域间差异逐渐缩小,且空间正相关关系增强,低值聚集区由皖中向皖北地区转移。[结论]目前安徽省乡村“三生”功能整体水平较低,耦合协调度有待提高,未来需进一步提高乡村“三生”功能以支撑乡村转型和振兴发展。     

湖北省乡村地域功能评价与转向特征分析

研究目的：乡村地域是具有一定结构、功能和区际联系的地域复合系统,有效识别乡村地域功能及其发展类型,是优化区域资源配置、分类推进乡村振兴的前提。研究方法：运用多因素综合评价法、三角图分析法探讨湖北省乡村地域功能的时空差异与转向特征。研究结果：（1）湖北省乡村生产功能逐渐弱化,其空间布局与地形水文具有较高的一致性;（2）乡村生活功能空间异质性不显著,呈现出典型的“中心—外围”分布模式;（3）乡村生态功能普遍低于乡村生产功能和生活功能,总体呈现出“依山傍水,带状串联”的分布特征;（4）湖北省共有4类乡村地域功能类型区,整体空间分布格局相对稳定,但区域内部功能转向存在明显的强度差异和空间异质性,在数量上以综合功能区减少为主。研究结论：研究有助于把握乡村地域功能内在关系与转向规律,为促进区域乡村多功能协调发展提供决策思考。     

武汉城市圈“三生”功能与土地利用碳排放耦合测度及协同分区

目的 探究土地“三生”功能与土地利用碳排放的耦合协调关系,提出低碳导向下国土空间结构优化路径,构建“三生”功能土地利用社会经济生态长效发展机制。方法 文章构建“三生”功能评价指标体系,系统分析武汉城市圈“三生”空间格局演变特征;运用直接/间接碳排放测算方法测算“三生”功能土地利用碳排放并分析时空分布特征;运用耦合协调度模型探究“三生”功能与土地利用碳排放耦合协调关系并划分协同发展区。结果 （1）2000—2020年武汉城市圈“三生”功能空间格局均呈现出明显的空间分异特征和演变规律,土地生产、生活功能空间分布具有较好一致性,土地生态功能呈现南北高中间低的梯度变化格局。（2）研究期间,武汉城市圈土地利用碳排放总量增加,土地利用碳排放强度空间上表现出显著的“生产—生活功能同向性,生态功能异向性”的空间布局特征。（3）2000—2020年武汉城市圈“三生”功能强度与土地利用碳排放耦合协调度提高,根据研究结果将研究区协同划分为4类协同发展分区：生态低碳保障区、生产高碳控制区、生活高碳引导区和双生高碳优化区。结论 未来武汉城市圈“三生”发展应根据分区发展特征,针对性地优化土地利用结构和功能,完善行业要素投入配置机制,遵循生态宜居化建设原则,减控“三生”功能土地利用碳排放,实现“双碳”目标下土地利用“三生”功能的协同发展。     

湖北省乡村人—地—业时空耦合的状态与动态特征

目的 构建乡村人—地—业发展水平评价指标体系,定量分析2009—2017年湖北省乡村人—地—业发展时空耦合特征,探讨其发展状态耦合的分异特征和时空动态耦合的类型规律。方法 文章运用耦合协调度模型分析2009年和2017年湖北省县域乡村人—地—业状态耦合协调的时空格局,运用动态耦合度模型识别湖北省县域乡村人—地—业动态耦合类型。结果 2009年和2017年湖北省乡村地区人—地—业发展状态耦合度较高,呈现出“一圈一轴两片”的空间格局;湖北省乡村人—地—业整体处于初级协调状态,2009—2017年呈现出由勉强和初级协调向初级和中级协调转变发展的趋势;湖北省乡村人—地—业时空动态耦合水平整体明显低于状态耦合水平,其耦合关系可划分为人地业正向发展型、单系统发展滞后型、单系统发展引领型和人地业负向发展型4种类型,整体以单系统发展引领型和滞后型为主。结论 研究有助于把握乡村人—地—业发展的时空逻辑关系,能够为区域乡村振兴分类施策提供重要的决策支持。     

武汉都市圈乡村地域系统结构与功能演变及耦合优化

研究目的：基于“人—地—域”与“三生空间”视角,分析2010—2020年武汉都市圈乡村地域系统结构与功能的时空演变特征,系统探讨结构与功能的耦合关系及其优化路径。研究方法：指标评价法和弹性系数模型。研究结果：（1）武汉都市圈乡村地域系统结构与功能指数空间格局相对稳定,2010—2020年结构与功能指数整体呈现波动上升趋势。（2）根据结构与功能指数变化及弹性系数的组合特征,将武汉都市圈乡村地域划分为6种类型。（3）协调增长区应找准特色发展主轴,巩固脱贫攻坚成果;双减区应变被动虹吸为主动承接,依托特色引领产业发展;结构滞后增长区和结构减—功能增反向区应借助区位优势打造品牌,实现转型发展;功能滞后增长区和结构增—功能减反向区应推动农村农业现代化,改善农村人居环境。研究结论：乡村地域系统结构与功能存在显著的阶段性和分异性耦合特征,通过制定针对性分区优化策略,促进乡村地域系统结构与功能的协调发展。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.