基于GIS的河南省小麦区域节肥减排潜力评价

目的 为研究河南省小麦节肥减排潜力。方法 文章基于农业统计数据、2 063份农户小麦调研数据和1 582组小麦田间试验数据,采用ArcGIS系统分析河南省农户习惯管理下小麦氮磷钾肥施用量及区域间差异,评价不同区域与推荐施肥相比的节肥潜力;应用生命周期评价（life cycle assessment,LCA）方法,定量河南省及不同区域小麦温室气体（greenhouse gas,GHG）减排潜力及区域性差异,为我国农业可持续发展和环境保护提供科学依据。结果 （1）河南省农户小麦习惯施氮量平均198 kg/hm²（174~259 kg/hm²）,其中东部和北部相对较高,中部和南部较低;在节氮量方面,小麦单位面积节氮量平均为42 kg/hm²,在县域水平上差异很大,整体上由南往北逐渐增加。（2）农户小麦习惯施磷量平均为121 kg/hm²（64~210 kg/hm²）,呈现北高南低、中部高低交错。平均单位面积节磷量为16 kg/hm²,以15~55 kg/hm²范围内的区域所占比例最大。（3）全省农户小麦钾肥习惯施用量平均50.4 kg/hm²,变化范围19~112 kg/hm²,施钾量普遍偏低,东部和北部及信阳南部县市施钾量仅19~35 kg/hm²;小麦节钾量范围为-45~62 kg/hm²,平均为-15 kg/hm²,有71.4%的县市需要增施钾肥。（4）在节肥总量方面,河南省小麦氮磷钾节肥总量分别为23.10万t、8.88万t、-5.31万t。（5）河南省小麦GHG减排总量为348.65万t CO₂ eq,单位面积温室气体减排潜力整体呈现出由南向北逐渐增加的趋势,范县、辉县、濮阳等县市的单位面积减排潜力可高达>1 000 kg CO² eq/hm²。结论 在当前河南省小麦施肥状况下,推荐施肥具有很大的节肥和减排潜力,但也表现出很强的区域性差异,根据不同区域小麦习惯施肥量和推荐量,确定节肥减排目标并制定相关措施,对小麦生产中资源节约和环境保护有重要意义。     

玉米秸秆还田的补偿意愿影响因素及补偿标准研究——基于徐水区319位农户的实证分析

目的 玉米秸秆还田技术是我国实施耕地质量保护与提升的重要技术模式,也是实现农业废弃物资源化再利用的重要途径,探究农户对秸秆还田技术的采纳意愿并对技术采纳的补偿标准进行精准测度,有助于建立秸秆还田技术持续推广的长效机制,促进农业生产的绿色发展。方法 文章以河北省徐水区319份农户调查为基础,采用条件价值评估法定量分析农户对秸秆还田技术的支付意愿及其影响因素,并进一步构建补偿意愿价值评估模拟模型来估算支付意愿价值和秸秆还田外部环境成本。结果 （1）农户对秸秆还田技术的支付意愿较高,有90%的农户表达肯定支付意愿;（2）基于农户支付意愿和秸秆还田的温室气体减排环境效应测度,徐水地区玉米秸秆还田生态补偿标准的上限和下限分别为661.8元/hm²和171.47元/hm²;（3）支付意愿的影响因子按从大到小的强度排序为耕地平整化程度>化肥成本>农户性别>化肥用量认知>家庭农业纯收入>受教育程度>政策认知>社会网络>地力提升认知。结论 （1）细化补贴类型,制定科学补偿标准,建议玉米秸秆还田的补偿标准为416.7元/hm²（27.78元/0.067hm²）;（2）通过秸秆还田技术培训,提升农户生态认知水平;（3）聚焦不同主体的愿望与诉求,实施针对女性农户群体的补偿政策,为补偿精准施策找准靶向。     

基于多因子分析的高原山区火龙果种植适宜性评价

目的 为针对贵州省复杂的生境背景,改进火龙果种植适宜性评价方法。方法 文章研究选用温度、光照、土壤pH、地形地貌和土地利用等生境因子,构建包括地形、气象、土地利用、生态保护等多因子评价指标体系,通过ArcGIS进行空间叠加分析,并以县域和乡镇空间尺度划分贵州高原山区火龙果种植适宜分区。结果 （1）通过该方法分析显示,至2019年,贵州省火龙果种植适宜区为3.520 5万hm²,次适宜区为5 695hm²,适宜区和次适宜区分别占全省国土面积0.20%和0.03%;（2）罗甸县、望谟县、贞丰县为推荐种植县,适宜综合种植面积分别为1.397 9万hm²、9 060hm²和6 568hm²;册亨县、镇宁县和关岭县为一般种植县,适宜种植面积分别为5 413hm²、3 357hm²和1 123hm²;平塘县、安龙县为分散种植县,可种面积分别为311hm²和1 089hm²;（3）推荐种植县中,适宜区在罗甸县中部和南部、贞丰县东南部、望谟县南部分布较多,涵盖30个乡镇;一般种植县中,适宜区集中于册亨县东部、镇宁县南部、关岭县东南部地区的20个乡镇。结论 该研究的过程中使用了充分考虑贵州高原山区土地资源实际情况的多因子评价,弥补了以往单因子研究的不足,可为为山地农业产业布局和适宜性评价体系的构建提供了参考。     

基于DNDC的茶园土壤碳素空间分异及其影响因素——以福建省安溪县为例

目的 通过探究福建省安溪县茶园土壤碳素储量,揭示各碳素指标的空间分异特征及其关键影响因子,有助于为减少茶园温室气体排放和建设生态茶园提供决策支撑。方法 文章运用反硝化分解（denitrification decomposition, DNDC）模型和空间统计分析方法对茶园土壤碳素进行模拟和研究。结果 （1）经过参数率定的DNDC模型对茶园土壤碳素动态循环的模拟具有较好的适用性;（2）安溪茶园土壤有机碳含量丰富,土壤肥力较好。凋落物输入碳是茶园土壤碳素输入的主要来源,平均输入量为505.52 kg/hm²,而通过呼吸作用转化为CO₂排放是茶园土壤碳素输出的重要途径,平均CO₂排放量为883.78 kg/hm²;（3）茶园SOC_10~20cm量、凋落物输入碳量、CH₄排放量、CO₂排放量均呈现空间聚集分布特征,主要分布在安溪县西部的低山与中低山地区;（4） 初始土壤属性中黏粒含量和土壤有机碳含量是影响安溪县茶园土壤碳素空间分异的关键因子,其中土壤黏粒含量对茶园土壤CO₂排放量和CH₄排放量的影响最强且负向作用效果明显。结论 安溪县西部等低山和中低山区域土壤肥力较好,但亦应谨慎对待该区域温室气体排放量较大的问题,可采用茶园合理的管理方式权衡茶园土壤碳素输入和温室气体排放的关系。     

中国马铃薯农户种植意愿及其空间差异

目的 探究不同区域农户马铃薯种植意愿的影响因素及其差别,能够提高农户种植马铃薯的能动性与积极性,为马铃薯主粮化进程提供决策参考。方法 文章基于1 261个农户样本调研,运用条件价值评估法和多元回归模型,从农户个体禀赋、生产经营、社会资源、市场认知、政策需求五个方面对农户支付与受偿意愿进行分析,在此基础上探讨影响马铃薯种植意愿的主要因素,再比较分析典型产区马铃薯种植影响因素。结果 马铃薯农户种植受偿意愿均值为4 069.5元/hm²,支付意愿均值为724.5元/hm²;马铃薯农户种植意愿受各项成本收益、农户受教育程度、家庭收入、社会资源、市场信息认知及政府补贴的影响较大;北方种植因素受规模和利润率的主导,南方更多受到家庭生产经营特征的综合影响。结论 个体决策影响群体决策,群体决策影响整体马铃薯种植空间格局变化。区域内农户采取基于种植约束、成本收益和政策支持的种植方案选择,通过有限区域范围的无限趋同决策,产生不同程度的种植集聚、产业集聚和市场集聚,进而影响马铃薯种植空间格局变化。     

21世纪以来江苏省水稻种植面积的变化与启示

目的 研究21世纪以来江苏省水稻种植面积稳中有增的机制，为新时期稳定粮食播种面积保障国家粮食安全提供科学依据。方法 文章采用时间序列描述性统计与区域空间比较分析、因素分解相结合的研究方法。结果 （1）2001—2020年江苏省水稻种植面积经历了“两增两减”的变化，由201.03万hm²波动增长至220.28万hm²，增长9.6%；同期广东、浙江分别减少了53.48万hm²、70.40万hm²，与江苏省水稻种植面积差距不断扩大；（2）2001—2020年江苏省苏南地区水稻种植面积减少了26.94万hm²，苏中地区水稻种植面积基本稳定，苏北地区水稻种植面积增加了45.11万hm²，苏北地区水稻种植面积增加对全省水稻种植面积增长的贡献率达234.2%，是江苏省水稻种植面积稳定的主要原因；（3）水稻生产竞争力不高和有效灌溉面积减少共同导致了苏南地区水稻种植面积的衰减，有效灌溉面积增长是苏中地区水稻种植面积基本稳定的主要原因，有效灌溉面积增加和水稻生产竞争力提升共同促进了苏北地区水稻种植面积的增加。结论 对于拥有较多后备稻田或耕地的区域，在一定时期内区域经济发展不一定导致区域内粮食种植面积的下降，但长期稳定粮食种植面积面临挑战。继续稳定江苏省水稻种植面积需要全省协同努力，苏南地区要稳定并适度增加水稻种植面积，苏中地区要积极探索稳定水稻种植面积的有效途径，苏北地区要着力发展稻米产业经济，探索水稻生产与区域经济协调发展的新路径，同时要高度重视江苏省沿海地区滨海盐土水稻生产的发展，为未来全省水稻种植面积增长开辟新空间。     

基于多源遥感数据的马铃薯收入保险应用研究

目的 研究面向创新型农业保险业务中缺少及时准确的第三方作物产量结果用于灾损理赔的问题。引入多源卫星遥感测产技术,识别测产关键因子,构建产量模型。方法 文章运用多元线性回归分析方法,选取山西省马铃薯主产县岚县为研究区,计算基于Sentinel2影像的植被指数,结合气象卫星数据与实测单产数据,筛选关键因子,建立马铃薯单产遥感测产经验模型。结果 采用GF-2影像分割与Sentinel2长势时序识别岚县马铃薯种植面积为8 477.65hm²,精度检验Kappa值为0.72。保险公司岚县承保马铃薯面积2 476.37hm²,承保覆盖率为29.21%。测产结果显示,马铃薯单产与区域关键期地表温度参数相关性较好,岚县遥感测产获得平均单产为13.76 t/hm²,实地测产获得平均单产为14.06 t/hm²,误差百分比为2.13%,分乡镇平均误差百分比为22.97%,基本满足理赔业务需求。在2018年保险期结束后一周内,保险公司启动快速赔付,支付赔款125.29万元,赔付率48.46%。结论 遥感测产具有大范围、时效性好、可靠性高等特点,能够迅速为创新型保险产品提供测产理赔结果,提高理赔效率,保障农民收入。     

基于耕地发展权价值的内蒙古耕地数量、质量、生态三位一体保护研究

目的 基于耕地发展权价值的测算,探析内蒙古耕地保护机制。方法 文章通过对内蒙古自治区及其各盟市耕地发展权的测算,结合耕地数量、质量和生态服务价值等数,借助ArcGIS10.2软件、EXCEL软件分析三位一体耕地保护措施。结果 （1）2020年内蒙古自治区31.84%耕地面积满足区域粮食自给,粮食总盈余量为2 263.66万t,折算成盈余耕地面积为777.99万hm²,耕地保护机会成本损失为77.38万元/hm²,耕地发展权最高总价值为6.020 274万亿元。其中用来保障国家粮食安全的耕地面积占55.23%,折算耕地面积为5 113.72万hm²,耕地发展权价值为3 957.11亿元。（2）各盟市中呼和浩特市的耕地保护机会成本最高,为228.32万元/hm²,其次为鄂尔多斯市,172.87万元/hm²,最低是兴安盟,为21.83万元/hm²;国家粮食安全和耕地保护政策背景下,呼伦贝尔市耕地发展权价值最高,为412.52.亿元,其次是赤峰市、通辽市、鄂尔多斯市、向安盟和巴彦淖尔市,分别为317.57亿元、336.89亿元、250.10亿元、212.66和190.58亿元,最小正值为乌兰察布市,为23.92亿元;呼和浩特市、包头市、锡林郭勒盟、乌海市、阿拉善盟5盟市出现耕地赤字,耕地发展权价值测算为“负值”。结论 内蒙古各盟市耕地自给比例和粮食盈亏量差异较大,耕地机会成本和耕地发展权总价值变化大,这与内蒙古自治区耕地分布相对集中,自然资源禀赋和耕地生产力差异较大,以及经济发展和城镇化率不同是分不开的。最后结合各盟市耕地数量、质量、生态价值和耕地发展权价值综合分析并提出耕地三位一体保护措施。     

农机社会化服务对小麦生产技术效率的影响

目的 在中国土地规模经营和服务规模经营并重推进粮食作物效率提升背景下,进一步探讨农机社会化服务对小麦生产技术效率提升效应的规模异质性具有现实意义。方法 文章使用随机前沿分析和门限回归分析,利用2018年全国6省区小麦种植户经营情况,对农机社会化服务影响小麦生产技术效率及影响效果规模异质性进行研究。结果 农机社会化服务的采用有助于提升小麦生产技术效率;农机社会化服务对小麦生产技术效率存在门限效应,当农户经营规模低于门限值（0.293hm²）时,农机社会化服务对小麦生产技术效率不具有显著影响,跨越门限值后,农机社会化服务对小麦生产技术效率则具有正向影响效应。基于农户适度规模经营的情况下,农机社会化服务对中等规模（0.293hm²＜Area＜3.333hm²）农户的小麦生产技术效率具有显著正向影响。结论 农机社会化服务有助于提升中国小麦种植户技术效率,但受限于农户规模,推进农机社会化服务发展的同时仍然需要推动土地的适度规模经营。     

贵州省百香果种植适宜性评价

目的 百香果近几年在贵州域内推广种植,因当地整体气候环境条件与其最优生境条件存在较大差异,导致部分地区百香果无法越冬、成熟果实产量和质量较低等问题,因此分析贵州省百香果种植适宜性对其产业化发展具有指导意义。方法 文章将百香果种植适宜性评价体系分为两层：生长适宜层与现状限制层,生长适宜层除了5项常规生长指标（常年均温、最冷月均温等）外,考虑贵州百香果种植低产、质低的问题,引入百香果关键生长期（5—11月、7—8月）的温度作为生长指标之一;现状限制层包括5种不宜种植的土地利用类型和重度石漠化、极度石漠化以及坡度大于25°地区。运用空间叠加、栅格计算以及空间统计等GIS方法得出百香果种植适宜评价结果。结果 （1）评价等级面积：不适宜>次适宜>适宜,面积分别为1 456.096 457万hm²、274.224 849万hm²、31.348 694万hm²,全省无最适宜区分布。（2）次适宜区面积较广,但在黔西和黔中地区分布面积较少;适宜区涉及到25区县,81.71%适宜区集中在南北盘江流域低热河谷区域。（3）以适宜性评价结果为基础,区县为基本单元,根据适宜性程度进行百香果产业发展区划,其中重点5个、一般区11个、分散选育区27个、非推荐种植区45个。（4）可种植百香果贫困区县有22个,占贫困县总数的66.67%。结论 贵州省不适宜大面积种植百香果,33个贫困县中10个贫困县区县可作为百香果产业发展区。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.