经济发展与农村减贫耦合机理及协调性研究以重庆市为例

目的 为探究重庆市经济发展水平与农村减贫耦合协调的时空格局。方法 文章在分析经济发展与农村减贫耦合机理的基础上,使用洛伦兹曲线和耦合协调模型,定量测算33个涉及扶贫开发任务区县经济发展与农村减贫的耦合协调度。结果 （1）经济发展对于农村减贫具有正向带动作用,但随着脱贫攻坚的深入,经济发展带动农村减贫的作用逐渐减弱;（2）重庆市县域经济发展水平整体呈现“一圈两翼”的特征,中心城区及周围区县为经济发展高值区,渝东南武陵山区和渝东北秦巴山区为经济发展低值区,贫困空间分布格局与之相反;（3）重庆市县域经济发展与农村减贫的耦合协调度呈现显著的空间不均衡格局,在主城都市区形成了明显的高值区,渝东北和渝东南连片特困地区形成明显的低值区;从时间序列来看,耦合协调状态整体呈现逐级正向跃迁的趋势。结论 基于经济发展与农村减贫耦合协调状态的空间差异性,未来应因地制宜、分区分类精准施策,稳步推进脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴的衔接。     

滇黔桂传统村落空间分布特征及其与旅游发展关系

目的 分析滇黔桂传统村落空间分布格局及其影响因素,并进一步探究传统村落保护与旅游经济运行关系。方法 文章选取云南、贵州和广西3省区的1 712个传统村落为研究样本,借助ArcGIS10.2、GeoDA、SPSS等工具及数理统计模型,探究滇黔桂3省区不同空间尺度传统村落空间分布特征、影响要素及其与旅游发展关系。结果 滇黔桂传统村落分布为显著的集聚类型,整体上分布在黔东南（黔东南）—桂东北（桂林）、滇西北（保山—大理—丽江）、滇东南（红河）3个集聚区。滇黔桂地区传统村落分布在不同空间尺度均表现出显著非均衡特征,传统村落分布的沿边性（省界或国界）和旅游开发指向性特征明显。89.83%传统村落都分布在2 000m以下的中低山区;在经济较为落后和旅游发展较早的两个区域形成传统村落集聚区;与现代交通干线分布呈现空间异位性且与交通密度呈现负相关特征;现有传统村落大多远离城市中心特征。滇黔桂地区国内旅游规模、国际旅游收入、旅游资源禀赋与传统村落分布呈正相关性,国内旅游收入、国际旅游规模与传统村落分布呈负向相关性,总体上旅游发展对传统村落入选有一定带动作用,但旅游响应作用依然有待进一步提升。结论 该研究发现传统村落呈现聚集分布特征,但其文化资源属性的经济价值暂未得到充分挖掘,其旅游经济效果不容乐观。     

基于“产—景—村”融合的西安市乡村聚落空间格局分析

目的 分析西安市乡村聚落空间格局特征,并基于“产—景—村”融合发展背景,探析乡村空间优化。方法 文章对1 905个西安市行政村,通过坐标拾取工具获取各行政村地理坐标,并运用ArcGIS10.2,选取平均最邻近指数和核密度指数分析乡村聚落空间分布特征,同时结合区域发展数据分析并提取乡村聚落产业空间和景观空间元素,结合“产—景—村”发展模式,系统分析西安市乡村聚落发展格局并提出优化措施。结果 （1）西安市乡村聚落空间模式为集聚分布,集聚程度一般;（2）聚落平均分布密度为0.217 9个/km²,整体上呈现出“一核四带、东密西疏、北密南疏”的空间分布特征,且趋向于经济发达区域集中分布;（3）人口空间集聚最大的特征表现为高-高集聚和低-低集聚的模式。西安市经济和人口密度具有明显的城市辐射效应,尤其以西安市辖区、高陵区和长安区的村落发展具有明显的经济、人口和道路优势;（4）而“一核四带”中,又以“四带”优势明显。（5）最后基于“产—景—村”模式下提取出乡村聚落景观要素,并给出相应优化措施。结论 西安市乡村聚落空间格局优化需要以自然环境为优化大格局,通过规划设计使得产业具有景观价值,景观具有产业功能,融合工业和旅游业,打造产业景观点,最终建立乡村生产、生活和生态融合发展的乡村聚落空间,促进乡村聚落“产—景—村”融合发展。     

湖南省国家森林乡村分布格局及影响因素研究

目的 国家森林乡村的分布格局及影响因素的研究对我国生态文明建设和乡村振兴实施路径选择及目标落实具有重大意义。方法 文章采用核密度分析、地理集中指数、空间自相关分析、Pearson相关系数等方法,对湖南省国家森林乡村的分布格局及影响因素进行分析。结果 （1）湖南省国家森林乡村空间分布密度差异明显,大致呈现“东西多、南北少”的格局;（2）湖南省国家森林乡村空间分布呈现以湘东北为集聚核心,向西北、西和南3个方向逐层递减的阶梯状格局。高值集聚（H-H）主要集中在长株潭地区,低值集聚（L-L）主要集中在怀化、湘西、张家界。（3）地形地貌、经济基础、人口密度和交通区位是湖南省国家森林乡村分布的主要影响因素,国家森林乡村主要分布在平原丘陵地区、经济发达地区、人口稠密地区以及铁路和主要公路的节点处。结论 湖南省国家森林乡村空间分布存在较大差异,空间集聚现象较为显著,其分布主要受到地形地貌、经济基础、人口密度和交通区位的影响。建议在今后的发展中应注重提质升级,注重扬长避短,缩小地区差异,加强产业融合,促进国家森林乡村的可持续高质量发展。     

云南省国家森林乡村空间分布格局及其成因

目的 系统研究云南省国家森林乡村空间分布格局及其成因,对丰富和深化乡村地理学及推动乡村振兴具有重要意义。方法 文章综合运用最邻近指数、核密度、空间自相关和量化统计等方法,构建“天蓝、地绿、水清、人和”相统一的“美丽森林乡村”评价指标体系,对云南省国家森林乡村空间分布格局及其成因进行分析。结果 （1）整体上,云南省国家森林乡村呈现“中部局部集聚,四周小分散”的棋盘式空间分布格局,表现为凝聚态势,显著性较强。（2）区域上,国家森林乡村在六大流域和八大区域上呈现典型的不均衡性状态,西侧澜沧江流域与北侧长江流域分布最较多但密度小,滇西、滇西南数量多于滇西北、滇东北和滇东南。（3）空间密度上,大致形成东西、东北—西南走向的两个高密度带绵延区和四个高密度集聚中心。（4）空间相关上,空间正相关显著,由西侧热点区向东侧冷点区过渡,呈现东西相反的对称格局。（5）影响因素上,“山—水—坝”相间的国家森林乡村空间分布格局是社会、经济、文化和自然等因素共同作用的结果,随着生态价值地位的提升,地形地貌、河湖水系和气候等自然因素基础性地位更加牢固。结论 国家森林乡村空间分布反映了当地自然与人文地理环境特征,是区域文化在地表的凝结与表达。     

中国农民专业合作社空间格局及其影响因素

目的 探索农民专业合作社的地域分异特征及其影响因素,对农业转型升级与乡村振兴战略实施有重要参考价值。方法 文章基于农民专业合作社工商注册数据,运用探索性空间分析方法和地理探测器分别从自然本底、资源禀赋、地理区位、经济基础等方面分析区域环境因素对农民专业合作社空间分布的影响。结果 （1）中国农民专业合作社主要分布在胡焕庸线东南部,其分布密度呈现以黄淮海平原为中心,圈层式向外递减特征。（2）中国农民专业合作社以种植业合作社和畜牧业合作社为主,两者占所有合作社的83.39%。（3）不同类型专业合作社呈现差异化空间分布特征。其中,种植业合作社集中分布在黄淮海平原和江汉平原,林业合作社集中分布在吕梁山、武夷山等主要山脉附近,畜牧业合作社集中分布在豫中、湘黔、甘陕等地区,渔业合作社集中分布在江汉平原、鄱阳湖和太湖周边区域;辅助业合作社集中分布在黄淮海平原、长江中下游平原和东北平原。（4）地理探测器结果表明,农民专业合作社分布是多种因素综合作用的结果,其中资源禀赋和自然本底对农民专业合作社分布解释力相对较强,社会经济基础次之,地理区位最小。然而,各主要因素对不同地区和不同类型专业合作社分布的影响大小有所差异。结论 上述研究结论可为不同地区因地制宜优化各种类型农民专业合作社分布、调整乡村产业结构和实现乡村产业振兴提供科学参考。     

丘陵山区农民专业合作社发展的时空分异与演变特征以重庆市为例

目的 以重庆市为例, 基于2001—2018年农民专业合作社微观面板数据,探究丘陵山区农民专业合作社发展的时空分异与演变特征,以期为农民专业合作社的建立与发展提供参考。方法 文章采用最近邻指数、Ripley''s L指数、核密度分析等方法,对农民专业合作社的时空分异和演变特征展开研究。结果 （1）从时间序列上看,农民专业合作社数量变化呈现3个增长阶段：2001—2006年低速增长,2007—2010年快速增长,2011—2018年缓慢增长。农民专业合作社产业类型由少变多并逐步趋向综合类发展;（2）在空间扩展上,农民专业合作社整体先从渝西、渝中地区向渝东北扩展,再扩展至三峡库区带,但不同产业类型各阶段空间分布特征相异且变化明显;（3）在空间格局上,农民专业合作社除渝东南地区分布较少外其余地区均分布较广,除牲畜、家禽、花木、果蔬产业呈随机分布外,其余产业及合作社整体呈显著聚集分布;（4）不同产业类型农民专业合作社对空间尺度的依赖性不同。牲畜、家禽、花木、果蔬、食用菌、粮油6类合作社随着空间距离的增加集聚强度先增强后减弱;（5）空间集聚分布呈现差异化,各产业类农民专业合作社均形成单个或多个集聚中心,主要聚集中心为奉节县、渝西地区。结论 自2001年以来,随着重庆经济的发展和乡村振兴战略的逐步推进,重庆市农民专业合作社持续发展,改变了原本主要以规模分散生产经营的家庭作业模式。因此,今后应依托其优越的区位条件、不断增强的消费需求,利用信息技术、科学管理办法,培育出更高效、更能凸显当地特色的农民专业合作社。同时也要扎实推进渝东南地区新型农业经营主体的培养工程。     

若羌绿洲特色林果种植信息遥感提取方法适用性分析

目的 为快速掌握若羌绿洲特色林果业种植信息,提高特色林果资源调查的信息化水平,服务若羌特色林果业的发展。方法 文章通过野外调查和室内文献资料分析建立遥感分类的先验知识,采用面向对象的影像分析方法,构建多尺度分割结果的光谱、植被指数、形状、纹理等特征,采用CART和随机森林算法进行遥感分类,分析使用不同分类算法、特征集对分类结果的影响。结果 （1）随机森林算法相比于CART算法总体分类效果好,分类精度高,特征数据集的加入对CART算法的分类精度影响较小,而对随机森林算法分类精度的提升较为明显。（2）形状特征对形状差异较大的地物具有较强的识别能力,植被指数特征能有效识别植被和非植被地物,纹理特征则对分类精度的影响较小。（3）综合所有特征集并结合随机森林算法的分类结果最优,总体精度88.43%,Kappa系数85.47%,面积精度96.89%。结论 形状、植被指数、纹理等特征集的加入对各个地类的分类精度的影响不同,应具体问题具体分析,随机森林算法比CART算法更适用于多维特征数据集的作物遥感分类任务。     

基于空间计量模型的寻甸县贫困格局与贫困影响因素研究

目的 贫困问题是当今社会的热点之一。科学揭示县级区域贫困格局、分析致贫因子,可以促进县级区域性减贫战略更好地实施。方法 文章运用多种空间计量经济模型和地理信息系统（GIS）技术,研究了国家级贫困县——云南省寻甸回族彝族自治县的贫困格局,多维度剖析该区域致贫因素。结果 （1）寻甸县农村贫困具有明显的区域性差异和贫困空间效应,其贫困发生率的分布具有一定的空间特征,并在一定程度上受到地形条件的影响,呈现一定的地域差异性。总体上,寻甸县南部、县政府所在的街道仁德及其附近地区的贫困发生率普遍较低,该县北部的联合乡、六哨乡、甸沙乡等乡镇贫困发生率居于较高水平,其主要原因是这些乡镇的区位条件和地形条件相对较差。（2）相比2014—2016年,2017年寻甸县各乡镇（街道）的贫困发生率显著降低,其原因主要是2017年该县对所有排查出的“问题户”进行整体性的高强度整改、使得2017年末该县多数贫困户得以脱贫。（3）空间误差模型（随机效应）估计结果表明,农民人均纯收入的提高、农村居民恩格尔系数的降低、农村居民人均用电量的增加、每公顷耕地农业机械总动力的增加、少数民族人口比例的降低均可促进贫困发生率下降。结论 多数因素对贫困发生率的影响强度各不相同,具有明显的空间差异性。新时期中国西南山区贫困格局、致贫因素、减贫路径及模式,亟需深入研究,这也对强化贫困地理学的研究带来了新机遇和新挑战。     

云南省县域农业生态效率时空分异及其影响因素

目的 云南省地形起伏度大,立体气候资源丰富,高原特色农业优势明显,测度其农业生态效率,并从农业生产条件、社会经济和自然生态环境3个维度选取10个驱动因子分析其对农业生态效率的影响程度。方法 文章运用超效率的SBM模型,基于2008—2018年云南省129个县（市、区）农业面板数据,测度县域农业生态效率,结合空间自相关模型和地理探测器模型,对云南省县域农业生态效率的时空演变、空间异质性及其影响因素进行实证研究。结果 （1）云南省县域农业生态效率整体处于中等效率水平,但呈波动下降趋势;空间上呈东西部、南北部相对高、中部低的“U”型分布格局,且东西差异大于南北差异。（2）从全局空间自相关来看,云南省县域农业生效率正相关和波动性空间集聚特征显著;从局部空间自相关来看,农业生态效率空间正相关的县域数量在逐年递减,集聚性呈下降趋势。农业生态效率高高（HH）集聚主要分布在云南省西北部及南部,向邻接县域扩散的趋势明显;低低（LL）集聚主要分布在云南省中部和东南部。（3）从影响因素看,社会经济因素仍是目前农业生态效率主要影响因素,但其作用强度不断下降,自然环境因素特别是地形起伏度解释力不断上升,不同驱动因子对其空间分异的影响差异明显,且驱动因子交互作用会增强农业生态效率空间分异。结论 云南省县域农业生态效率时空分异显著,社会经济因素是农业生态效率空间分异的主要影响因素,但地形起伏度、降水等自然生态环境因素对农业生态效率影响程度明显提升。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.