Jeffrey A. Engel. Cold War at 30,000 Feet: The Anglo-American Fight for Aviation Supremacy

The demise of Great Britain's aviation industry in the aftermathof World War II is an oft-repeated object lesson among the aviationpolicy community in Washington, D.C. Usually, it is interpretedas a warning to American policymakers not to decrease federalfunding for both aeronautical technology and infrastructure,lest USA decline as an air power like the British did afterWorld War II. As Jeffrey A. Engel shows in Cold War at 30,000Feet: The Anglo-American Fight for Aviation     

论冷战后国际格局的角色转换

国际格局角色转换,不仅是冷战结束的重要标志,而且也是国际社会发生变革的必然结果。冷战后,由于国际恐怖主义的泛滥、大规模杀伤性武器的扩散、文明冲突的蔓延,国际格局角色发生了前所未有的转变,集中体现为:以东欧、中亚、西亚、北非等地区颜色革命为标识的非西方文明社会政治觉醒;以地区安全为支轴的以色列化、地缘政治为核心的巴尔干化、恐怖主义为后盾的塔利班化、新兴经济体为龙头的新门罗主义化等地区安全多孔化;以美国为代表的传统力量、欧洲为代表的挑战力量、俄罗斯为代表的对抗力量、中国为代表的新生力量等碎片化的世界。国际格局角色转换的根本原因在于美国的亚太再平衡战略、发展中国家的地区认同意识淡薄、新兴经济体的崛起等。     

Cold War Armory: Military Contracting in Silicon Valley

Silicon Valley is frequently portrayed as a manifestation ofpostindustrial entrepreneurship, where ingenious inventor-businessmenand venture capitalists forged a dynamic, high-tech economyunencumbered by government's "heavy hand." Closer examinationreveals that government played a major role in launching andsustaining some of the region's core industries through militarycontracting. Focusing on leading firms in the microwave electronics,missile, satellite, and semiconductor industries, this articleargues that demand for customized military technology encouragedcontractors to embark on a course of flexible specialization,batch production, and continuous innovation. Thriving throughoutmuch of the Cold War, major military contractors fell on hardtimes when defense markets started to shrink in the late 1980s,because specialized design and production capabilities wererarely applicable to civilian product lines. But Pentagon fundingfor research and development helped lay the technological groundworkfor a new generation of startups, contributing to Silicon Valley'seconomic renaissance in the 1990s.     

The German Octopus: The British Metal Corporation and the Next War, 1914-1939

After World War I, the nonferrous metals trade played a criticalrole in Britain's preparations for a future European war. Yetit has attracted little attention. The British Metal Corporation(BMC) was formed at the end of the Great War as a state-sponsoredcorporation to conduct the development of the nonferrous metalsindustry on behalf of the British state. This article uses thepapers of the BMC to explore the politics of a strategicallyvital trade, the functioning of the British state's institutionalmemory, and the role of business in appeasement and rearmament.It concludes that the state-sponsored corporation was, on balance,an effective strategic instrument. Although politics, trade,and strategy proved difficult to reconcile with one another,the pursuit of profit did not dictate business attitudes towardNazi Germany in the 1930s.     

美国国债期权在石油价格风险管理中的应用

2008-2009年,国内部分企业参与石油套保发生巨亏的案例反映出我国在石油价格风险管理方面的手段不足。尤其是通过卖出期权进行"自融资"来支撑套保方案,在石油价格大幅波动的情况下,如何通过对冲来实现止损方面,国内企业缺少的不仅是经验,也包括风险管理手段的欠缺。实际上依当时的实际情况,这些企业完全可以通过买入美国国债期权的方式对自身的石油期权空头头寸进行对冲,以避免大规模亏损。     

IPTV:又一个杀手级应用

通俗地说,IPTV就是网络电视,它的基本功能是,让观众能在网上收看实时电视以及选择收看大量的电视节目     

American and British Clergy Attitudes Towards Marketing Activities: A Comparative Study

Churches, in both the US and the UK, are increasingly seen to be engaging in what have been termed marketing activities. A small of studies have investigated the degree to which clergy in the US view the use of rnarketing techniques as acceptable and appropriate. This article rnakes a contribution to the continuing debate surrounding the use of marketing in a church setting by comparing the extent to which American and British clergy views differ: Results indicate that, in general, British clergy are rnore reluctant to countenance the use of merketing techniques within a church context, although a small number of exceptions emerged. In particular; British clergy appeared to be rnore accepting of changes made to the presentation of church doctrine, given changs in society's views of acceptable behaviour.     

Nicholas Onuf and Peter Onuf. Nations, Markets, and War: Modern History and the American Civil War

The bloodiest war ever fought by the United States, the CivilWar remains a focal point of American historical writing andresearch. How could Americans embark in such a war where brothersfought brothers? And what does this experience tell us aboutthe nature of the American union, before and after the CivilWar? Two brothers, historians Nicholas and Peter Onuf, confrontthese questions in a wide-ranging study that will challengetheir readers's     

论战时广告委员与美国公益广告的诞生

本文主要探究了美国公益广告的诞生。美国公益广告的诞生和第二次世界大战息息相关。第二次世界大战的爆发一方面导致了美国陷入巨大的战争危机,一方面却成为了推动美国传播学发展的客观力量。第二次世界大战爆发后,在政府的号召下,美国传播学界从各种不同的研究领域和主题介入了战争服务。因为战争的需要,政府和军方迫切需要解决因为战争而带来的各种问题。在这种背景下,美国公益广告应运而生。     

The Dedicated Carrier on China's Civil Aviation Market

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is theforerunner of the world civil aviation, itenjoys rich experiences in offering goodflight services. Early in October 1948,KLM came to China and first of allopened regular flights between Hollandand Shanghai. On 27 June 1996, KLMsuccessfully launched twice-a-weeknon-stop flights between Amsterdamand Beijing after signing the Sino-Dutchcivil aviation agreement. On 30 March1999, KLM flights to Shanghai werestarted. Up to now, there are altogethertwelve KL…     

The provision of information on consumer rights: British experiences

In 1973, the British Government created the official post of Director General of Fair Trading with, inter alia, the power to produce and distribute information and advice to consumers in the United Kingdom. This paper describes how the Office of Fair Trading set out to perform this function, using a variety of media, and the lessons learnt about the consumer's reaction to and absorption of consumer advice material. It finally forecasts the likely trends in demand for consumer information material.

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Die Bereitstellung von Informationen über Verbraucherrechte: Britische Erfahrungen

Zusammenfassung Die britische Regierung schuf 1973 die Position eines Generalbevollmächtigten für Handelsund Wettbewerbsfragen, die u.a. auch die Kompetenz erhielt, Verbraucherinformationen zu erarbeiten und bereitzuhalten und Verbraucherberatung durchzuführen.Der Beitrag berichtet, wie und mithilfe welcher Medien diese Aufgaben erfüllt werden, und über die Erfahrungen, die mit der Reaktion der Verbraucher und deren Akzeptanz der Beratungsmaterialien gemacht wurden. Abschließende Überlegungen befassen sich mit zukünftigen Entwicklungen der Nachfrage nach Informationsmaterialien.

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John Perry is the Chief Information Officer at the Office of Fair Trading, Field House, Bream's Buildings, London EC4A 1PR, England.     

融资约束对企业创新的影响

本文对2011年到2017年的深证上市企业融资约束和企业创新之间的关系进行实证研究.通过控制变量,对变量之间进行回归分析,结果显示融资约束给企业创新带来了不利影响.再通过协整关系检验和格兰杰因果关系进行检验,最终结果仍显示融资约束对企业创新的不利影响.因此,如果能改变企业所处的融资环境,就能改善各个企业的创新能力,进而...     

美、俄、英、日军队应急物流构建启示

应急物流的快速实现对灾害救援、事故处理等具有重要的作用.欧美发达国家(军队)对应急物流体系的建设较早,而我国(军队)应急物流尚处于起步的发展阶段,但无论是地方还是军队,无论是外军还是我军,其应急物流保障能力已经成为国家军队军事能力建设的一个重要方面.本文简述了应急物流的地位与作用,通过对外军应急物流在理论法规建设、组织体制建设、信息化建设和军地一体化建设等情况的分析,为我国加强军民物流融合,发展军队应急物流建设提供了几点启示.     

"Business Responsibilities in a Divided World": The Cold War Roots of the Corporate Social Responsibility Movement

Both business executives and management scholars have, in recentyears, focused a great deal of attention on the theme of corporatesocial responsibility (CSR). Calls for business leaders to expendresources on behalf of "social good" tend to downplay, if notignore, what is fundamentally an ideological question: justwhat is a "good" society and who defines "goodness"? The ideologicalunderpinnings of social responsibility and its relationshipto the "good" society can be explored through an historicalperspective. The roots of the CSR movement trace back to theearly years of the Cold War. Led by Donald K David, Dean ofthe Harvard Business School and supported by other academicsand executives given voice on the pages of the Harvard BusinessReview, advocates urged expanded business social responsibilityas a means of aligning business interests with the defense offree-market capitalism against what was depicted as the clear-and-presentdanger of Soviet Communism. Today's enthusiastic calls for businessto "do well by doing good" could benefit from a similar criticalanalysis not just of the goals of CSR but also the ideologicalassumptions, often unacknowledged, that underlie those goals.     

Participatory Evaluation: The Virtues for Public Governance,the Constraints on Implementation

Participatory evaluation relies on the principle of active participation by major stakeholders, including the least organised groups, as being fundamental to good evaluation practice. This process presents a number of advantages which can nonetheless become crippling if certain prerequisites are not fulfilled. The goal of our paper is to weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of participation and to examine the conditions necessary for participatory evaluation to achieve its objectives.     

为能源而战--亚洲今夏节能新举措

由于最近一轮破纪录的油价飙升,许多能源紧缺的亚洲国家政府纷纷带头推动节能举措,以抑制今夏的能源需求。继中国政府宣布26℃为办公场所室内最佳的空调温度之后,韩国一位部长亲自走上T型台,加入一场“不打领带”的时装秀,以鼓励办公室工作人员身着更凉爽的服装;而在印度尼西亚,政府为节约能源,