言传身教:价值观一致性、家族传承与企业成长关系研究

现有文献认为家族企业中隐性知识和社会资本在代际之间的有效转移是家族企业持续经营的关键,但父辈经验和两代人价值观一致性的价值尚缺乏关注。文章将父辈经验和两代人价值观一致性纳入家族企业传承模型,从竞争性视角探讨父辈经验对企业成长两方面的影响,并提出家族社会资本对企业成长具有正向的促进作用,价值观一致性在父辈经验、家族社会资本与企业成长之间发挥着正向的调节作用。基于珠三角406份调查问卷的实证研究表明,家族社会资本对企业成长具有正向显著影响,价值观一致性在其中也发挥着正向的调节作用;而父辈经验对家族企业成长却呈现出显著的负向影响,价值观一致性在其中发挥着负向调节作用。文章进一步讨论了实证结果产生的可能原因,填补了家族企业传承中有关父辈经验和价值观一致性的研究不足,具有一定的实践参考意义。     

社会资本的累积效应及其家庭福利改善

采用贫困家庭的调查数据,从社会资本的五个维度探讨累积效应对家庭福利的影响。这五个维度中,尤其是其中的社会网络规模、信任及其参与公共事务对家庭福利的影响系数为正,且在统计上显著。研究发现,对贫困家庭而言,社会资本的收入补偿效应很大。因此,在政策设计上,应提升贫困家庭的社会资本累积程度,从而提高贫困家庭的福利水平。     

Social capital and Rotating Labor Associations in rural China

This paper studies social capital and households' participation in Rotating Labor Associations (ROLAs) in rural China. I employ both self-reported trust and the presence of village temple prior to 1949 as proxies for social capital. I find that households in communities with higher levels of social capital are more likely to participate in ROLAs, using household data collected from the Gansu province in China.     

农村家庭人力资本投资:基于现状与基本模型的框架分析

现代经济发展的大量实践表明,人力资本是一国经济发展速度和水平的最终决定因素。在农业现代化以及工业化和城市化的进程中,农村人力资本投资的增长是关系到劳动力素质提高,生活与就业条件改善,以及促进我国国民经济与社会长期稳定发展的重大课题。本文主要从农村居民家庭的微观角度,分析了农村人力资本投资的现状、影响因素以及农村家庭如何进行人力资本投资决策,在此基础上提出了改善农村人力资本投资不足的政策与措施。     

社会网络视角下家族企业外部资源的获取

传统家族企业把发展重点放在企业内部资源上，对外部资源获取重视程度不够。通过家族企业领导人社会网络的构建和延伸，社会资本的开发和使用，拓展网络的可达性，提高家族企业聚集、使用资源的能力，增强家族企业的市场竞争力。     

当代大学生心理资本的定量研究

当代大学生心理资本状况呈正态分布,总体状况良好;受学习经历和社会经历影响,与家庭状况没有显著关系;当代大学生的心理资本具有一定的稳定性和一致性,但同时心理资本是可以有效管理和开发的。     

Returns to social network capital among traders

Using data on agricultural traders in Madagascar, this papershows that social network capital has a large effect on firmproductivity. Better connected traders have significantly largersales and value added than less connected traders after controllingfor physical and human inputs as well as for entrepreneur characteristics.The analysis indicates that three dimensions of social networkcapital should be distinguished: relationships with other traders,which among other things help firms economize on transactionscosts; relationships with potential lenders; and family relationships.We find no evidence that social capital favors collusion.     

居民家庭代际收入的影响因素分析及差异性分析——基于代际传递视角

基于中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据,使用Shapely方法探究人力资本、社会资本、财富资本及自然禀赋各因素对居民收入差距的影响程度,在此基础上将样本按照城乡及地区类别进行分组,探讨城乡及地区视角下的各因素对居民收入传递的差异性表现。结果显示,农村居民的社会资本解释程度要大于其对城镇居民样本的解释程度,城镇居民样本自然禀赋的解释程度高于农村居民样本。     

Self-employment of Chinese rural labor force: Subsistence or opportunity?—An empirical study based on nationally representative micro-survey data

Self-employment is an essential form of non-agricultural employment, and its nature has been rarely identified in recent studies. From the perspectives of the human capital, social capital, and family assets of rural laborers, this study focuses on determining self-employment by using the nationally representative data on the rural labor force in China. Through the static comparative analysis between three groups of laborers in self-employment, wage employment, farming, and the dynamic comparative analysis of laborers entering into and exiting from self-employment, the study shows that self-employment of rural laborers in China is almost opportunity-driven or moving toward opportunistic self-employment. Human capital, social capital, and family assets promote rural laborers shifting from wage employment to self-employment and stimulate the establishment of high-value enterprises. The study suggests that local governments should increase the investments in rural education and vocational skills training and strengthen the availability of rural credit to lay a good foundation for self-employment activities in rural areas.     

社会资本理论视角下的反贫困工作

贫困是与发展如影随形的一种社会现象,始终困扰着人类社会.社会资本的缺乏与贫困有着紧密联系,社会资本的缺乏产生贫困、加剧贫困、再生产和固化贫困.因此,从社会资本的视角的反贫困工作,应该从培育家庭外的社会资本、消除社会排斥和构建贫困者的社会支持网络等方面着手.     

Inventing social capital: Evidence from African American inventors, 1843–1930

Much recent work has focused on the influence of social capital on innovative outcomes. Little research has been done on disadvantaged groups who were often restricted from participation in social networks that provide information necessary for invention and innovation. Unique new data on African American inventors and patentees between 1843 and 1930 permit an empirical investigation of the relation between social capital and economic outcomes. I find that African Americans used both traditional, i.e., occupation-based, and nontraditional, i.e., civic, networks to maximize inventive output and that laws constraining social-capital formation are most negatively correlated with economically important inventive activity.     

Human Capital Externalities and Proximity: Evidence from Repeated Cross-Sectional Data

Summary  Does schooling generate social returns in excess of the private returns captured by the individual who makes the human capital investment? As a strategy to detect human capital externalities I use Dutch survey data to estimate the impact of the average human capital stock in a region on individual wages, considering regional human capital as a local public good. Indeed, the regional fraction of high-skilled workers or the region’s average educational attainment appears with a positive and statistically significant coefficient in an augmented Mincer specification. However, the impact on individual wages completely vanishes when the firm’s human capital stock is included as an additional control. This may suggest that human capital externalities predominate within firms, though alternative explanations, in particular selection of high-skilled workers in high-productive companies and imperfect substitutability across skill groups, cannot be ruled out. I would like to thank two referees, Nicole Bosch, Theo van de Klundert, Pierre Koning, Rob Luginbuhl, Mauro Mastrogiacomo, Gabriela Schütz, Wouter Vermeulen, Dinand Webbink and seminar participants at the Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General of the European Commission, the NAKE Research Day 2007, the 64th Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance, and the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis for helpful comments, and Joke Goes, Jelte Haagsma and Judith Hoeben for their help with the data. Views expressed are my own, and do not necessarily reflect official positions of the European Commission or the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.     

社会资本与民间组织运作--以广东南海专业镇行业协会为例

本文引入“社会资本”概念分析南海专业镇行业协会,指出行业协会的组织运作存在三种路径类型,在相同的既定制度框架内,随着嵌入社会关系网络的类型及其程度不同,协会组织运作的具体方式、组织架构会有明显的差异。     

独立董事、资源支持与企业边界连结:由上市家族公司生发

独立董事是连接企业边界内外的社会桥,是家族企业获得外部资源支持的重要渠道,其资源吸纳能力与社会桥的网络结构密切相关。鉴于公司研发投入与公司社会资本吸纳间存在着相关关系,在将独立董事社会桥划分为网络规模、网络构成和网络密度三个刻画维度后,讨论了其对上市家族公司开发支出的影响。实证结果显示,独立董事社会桥的网络构成与公司开发支出显著相关。独立董事占据的结构洞越多,公司越倾向于加大研发投入。同时,网络密度也是影响开发支出的显著变量,密切的交往有助于社会资本的吸纳。     

基于权属关系视角的企业战略网络社会资本研究

社会资本对于战略网络的稳定发展和发挥网络竞争优势具有重要意义。基于权属关系视角,本文将企业社会资本构成划分为专用社会资本、共用社会资本和成员媒介社会资本,并对社会资本的表征及度量进行研究,最后就战略网络社会资本的构建和实践提出具体建议。     

健康冲击、社会资本与农户经济脆弱性——基于“CHIP2013”数据的实证分析

健康人力资本在农村经济中发挥着重要作用,农户健康受损时,会通过"劳动效应"、"挤占效应"和"情感效应"影响其经济脆弱性,而社会资本作为一种非正式机制,在血缘、地缘与业缘关系的连接下,通过及时获取信息与资源等对农户经济产生影响。文章利用"中国家庭收入调查2013"数据实证分析了健康冲击和社会资本对农户经济脆弱性的影响及作用机制。通过倾向得分匹配（PSM）和处理效应模型解决内生偏误问题、建立中介效应模型后,回归结果显示：健康冲击会通过挤占效应和情感效应两条渠道机制对农户经济产生负向影响,社会资本分项指标则通过信任渠道机制对农户经济产生正向影响;男性户主更易因遭受健康冲击而陷入经济脆弱困境,处于劳动年龄的户主在利用社会资本缓解经济脆弱性方面更具优势;而社会资本在缓解健康冲击对农户经济脆弱性中的作用并不显著,一个可能的原因是在农村社会中,社会资本等非正式机制逐渐被正式医疗保障机制所替代。在稳健性检验中,构造基于预期贫困定义的贫困脆弱性指标（VEP）进行替换变量回归,进一步证实所得结论。文章的政策涵义在于,应加强对于农户健康风险的管理,并重新挖掘社会资本在农村经济发展中的作用,从而缓解经济脆弱性,阻断贫困。     

Social capital of black business owners

Analysis of data from the 1982Characteristics of Business Owners Survey reveals that there are some differences between the social capital (social resources available from group support networks) of black business owners and those of other ethnic groups. Black owners have had less exposure to entrepreneurial role models and training in firms run by close relatives than Asian, Hispanic, or nonminority male owners. They do not rely on their relatives or friends for business loans to the same extent as Asians, and show less such reliance than the other groups as well. Black owners compare favorably with Hispanics and nonminority males in using family funds as a source of nonborrowed capital, but are behind Asians. Black firms are relatively more likely to sell to minority customers and hire minority employees. Finally, black owners are the least likely to be married, which indicates some diminished help from the family, a key institution in group support networks.     

Social capital and poverty in Uganda

This paper investigates the links between social capital and household poverty in Uganda. It assumes a two-way causal relationship between poverty and access to social capital. This suggests an endogeneity problem, so the paper uses econometric techniques that control for endogeneity. Using two nationally representative datasets, the authors' analyses revealed that access to social capital defined in terms of membership of social organisations positively affects household income and reduces poverty. Education was the key determinant of income and increases the probability of joining social networks. Their results further show that household income and welfare are positively associated with access to social capital or group participation. This suggests that government strategies to increase household income that take into consideration existing social institutions will go a long way to encourage associational growth and performance and consequently reduce poverty.     

Serfdom and social capital in Bohemia and Russia1

The ‘horizontal’ social capital generated by networks and communities is widely regarded as inherently antagonistic to ‘vertical’ hierarchies such as serfdom. This article examines this view using evidence from pre‐Emancipation Bohemia and Russia. It finds that serf communes generated a substantial ‘social capital’ of shared norms, common information, and collective sanctions. But communal social capital was manipulated by village elites who collaborated with overlords in taxation, land regulation, and demographic control. This benefited communal oligarchies, but harmed ordinary serfs and the wider economy. Horizontal social capital and vertical hierarchies, the article demonstrates, can as easily collude as conflict.     

精英身份与农民创业：趋名还是逐利？

农村精英群体因具有独特的优异特质和能力素养成为农村创业的主力军，但是农村精英能否通过创业实现"名利双收"？学术界尚无定论。文章利用上海财经大学"千村调查"的数据得到以下研究结论：①农村精英的创业并非纯粹的"逐利"行为，而是追随内在的"趋名"导向，农村精英创业主要是为了实现家庭社会地位的提高、村落人缘水平的改善、村落话语权的增加等非经济目标，这种"趋名"导向使得创业者配置于经济目标的注意力资源相对不足，进而制约了其"逐利"目标的实现。②随着家庭经济资本的增加，农村创业者的精英身份对经济目标的注意力配置不足问题将得到有效缓解，即丰裕的家庭经济资本将弱化精英身份对实现经济目标的制约效应；同时，家庭经济资本的增加将进一步强化精英身份对非经济目标的提升作用。③随着外部制度环境的完善，精英身份对农民创业经济目标的注意力配置不足问题将得到有效缓解，即完善的外部制度环境将弱化精英身份对实现经济目标的制约效应；同时，外部制度环境的完善将强化农村精英群体对非经济目标的追求。本文基于创业动机理论与注意力基础观分析了精英身份在农民创业过程中的经济效应与非经济效应，探讨了农村精英群体在"趋名"与"逐利"之间的权衡与取舍，并将家庭经济资本与外部制度环境纳入研究框架，构建了一个较为系统的农民创业模型，丰富了农民创业理论的研究范畴。