Liberalizing NAFTA Rules of Origin: A Dynamic CGE Analysis

Most computable general-equilibrium (CGE) studies assessing the welfare impact of moving from a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to a deeper form of integration, for example a customs union (CU), typically proxy the integration as the adoption of a common external tariff toward the rest of the world. However, a CU is also an arrangement that allows for the elimination of FTAs' preferential rules of origin (ROO), which is typically not captured in CGE studies. This paper addresses the issue using a multicountry, multisector dynamic CGE model. Although the removal of distortionary ROO is likely to lower the unit costs of production within North America, it may also deteriorate North American terms of trade with the rest of the world. Thus, the net effect of the removal of NAFTA ROO on welfare is ambiguous and is an empirical issue.     

生态占用、绿色发展与环境税改革

将税收负担从劳动力和资本要素转移到自然资源的使用和污染的排放已成为环境税改革的基本思路。基于中国将资源税扩展到对自然生态空间的占用的改革,本文在量化自然生态空间占用及其价值核算基础之上,提出了基于生态赤字价值补偿的环境税方案(1),并运用CGE模型从区域层面分析了征收环境税和降低个人及企业所得税的政策效应。模拟结果表明,在短期内,各地区生态占用减少,东部地区和中部地区投资需求及就业人数增加,税收方案能够引导经济增长从生态占用转向资本和劳动力要素。总产出和中间投入普遍下降,但中间投入减少相对更大,因此各地区保持经济增长,其中西部地区增长率偏低。从长期看,东部和中部地区名义GDP增长率出现短期较大幅度的下滑,随后增长率逐年增长,其中东部地区增速的下降主要是因为第二产业总产出增速放缓,中部地区总产出及中间投入的波动与GDP增长的波动在时间上对应,西部地区增长率及总产出和中间投入稳定增长,各地区增长得益于第二产业投入产出效率的提高。因此,本文建议开征环境税约束生态超额占用,相应收入用于减轻所得税,其中东部地区侧重降低企业所得税,中部和西部地区侧重降低个人所得税。     

税制改革、经济效率和社会福利——基于A-KOLG框架下的动态CGE模拟分析

在经典的世代交叠动态一般均衡(A-K OLG)模型的基础上,建立了一个由一系列不等式方程组所构成的"跨期动态"模型,反现实地模拟了提高间接税同时降低直接税对我国社会福利、经济效率的影响。与基期相比,减少对资本征税会带来福利增长0.34%(纯经济效率提高0.25%),减少对劳动征税会带来福利增长0.1%(纯经济效率提高0.02%)。该实证结果证明了间接税比直接税更有利于实现经济效率的理论观点。因此,提高直接税的比重是需要以一定的经济效率损失为代价的,实行该项举措应该权衡好各方面利弊、把握好改革时机。     

应用CGE模型分析中国征收燃油税的经济影响

本文利用作者构建的"能源-经济-环境"CGE模型模拟了中国征收燃油税的经济影响.模拟结果表明,征收燃油税会在一定程度上对我国的经济增长、居民福利以及部分产业的发展带来负面影响,但却将有效促进国内成品油需求量的降低,有利于减少石油进口和保障我国能源安全.当前,我国应该在采取有效措施积极应对燃油税负面影响的前提下稳步推进燃油税改革.     

Green Throughput Taxation: Environmental and Economic Consequences

According to optimal taxation theory, raw materials should be taxed to capture the embedded scarcity rent in their value. To reduce both natural resource use and the corresponding emissions, or the throughput in the economic system, the best policy may be a tax on material inputs. As a first approach to throughput taxation, this paper considers a tax on intermediates in the framework of a dynamic computable general equilibrium model with environmental feedbacks. To balance the budget, payroll taxes are reduced. As a result, welfare indicators as material consumption and leisure time consumption are reduced, while on the other hand all the environmental indicators improve.     

人民币国际化的动态CGE研究

人民币国际化将对我国的经济发展产生深远的影响.本文沿用李稻葵、刘霖林设计的三种预测人民币国际化程度的情景,运用一个中国动态可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型-MCHUGE模型分析人民币国际化对中国经济的影响,研究不同人民币国际化程度下的经济走势.仿真结果表明:人民币国际化对贸易条件的改善、就业及产业优化都具有正向作用.但目前人民币国际化程度还相当低,人民币从初步国际化到完全国际化可能需要相当长的时间.     

中概股公司私有化研究:动机与经济后果

文章研究了中概股公司私有化的动机与经济后果.研究发现,从私有化前一年这个特定时点来看,中概股公司私有化的动机主要是避免企业价值被低估、减少自由现金流和降低交易成本.而且,管理层持股比例越高,公司越有可能采用管理层收购方式进行私有化.从上市到私有化的长期角度来看,中概股公司私有化的动机主要是避免企业价值被低估和降低代理成本.进一步的研究还发现,中概股公司宣布私有化具有显著的正向溢出效应,具体表现为同行业未私有化的中概股公司股票获得了显著为正的超额回报,而且溢出效应对于估值水平较低和自由现金流较多的同行业中概股公司更加显著.     

中国碳减排政策的模拟分析——基于中国能源CGE模型的研究

通过构建中国能源CGE模型,在模型中引入碳税和碳排放变量,细化出能源部门,并将煤炭、石油和天然气三种主要能源作为生产要素,设定节能减排基准情景,针对碳减排、碳税和能源结构调整这三个不同的能源政策对经济发展以及碳排放的冲击效果进行了模拟分析.模拟结果表明,单一的能源政策总有不足之处,要么减排效果欠佳,要么严重制约经济发展,因此国家应该将减排政策系统化,构造一个适应现实需要的低碳经济政策体系.     

政治制度不确定性及其风险的经济学思考

政治制度的不确定性是我国财政风险的一个重要原因.从经济学角度,特别是根据公共选择理论,分析我国的政治制度运行中的不确定性以及由此产生的财政风险,从而得出结论,为防范和化解财政风险,必须对我国的政治制度进行变革.     

财税政策调整与财政风险预警研究——基于CGE模拟分析

在我国中央财政赤字增加和地方债务不断累积的情况下,观察财政风险的变化情况尤其重要。本文首先总结财政风险预警研究的最新进展,构建了一个在复杂现实背景下分析财税政策调整对财政风险影响的CGE模型,模拟了增加财政支出、提高税负和提高利率的三种情形,研究发现:在宏观经济运行的内外部条件没有改变的前提下,今后五年的财政风险都将继续加大。因此,建议对后金融危机时代的财政风险状况变化给予高度关注,提高财政透明度,设立财政偿债基金,建立风险管理及预警机制,确保风险在可控的范围内。     

Creationism versus Evolutionism in Economics: Societal Consequences of Economic Doctrine

In the 1940s and 1950s, institutionalist economists rapidly lost their influence over American economics. In parallel, a new mainstream emerged, and the institutionalists were extremely dissatisfied with the path taken by the economic science. We analyze the opinions and feelings about this context to shed light on the institutionalists’ understanding of the new mainstream economics. We construct a historical account of the institutionalists’ dissatisfaction with post-war economics based on archival material from the personal papers of Allan Gruchy, John Gambs, John Blair, and Clarence Ayres. In the period analyzed, the economists, who would later found the Association for Evolutionary Economics, acted as dissenters rather than institutionalists. In part, this explains the pluralistic path that the association has followed ever since its foundation.     

腐败与反腐败的博弈经济分析

腐败与反腐败一直是公众关注的话题。腐败对经济发展和社会公平都是一个很大的威胁。目前,我国公务员腐败现象较为严重,政府反腐的力度也很大。公务员腐败有多方面的原因,既有政治体制方面的因素,也有利益驱使等其他方面的原因。本文从政府、寻租人和公务员的概率因素出发,通过博弈分析方法分析三者的期望效用,得到他们的最优策略,最后根据模型分析的结论,提出反腐的政策建议。     

The effects of multinationals on host economies: A CGE approach

This paper offers a new perspective regarding the effects on a host economy of the entry of multinational enterprises (MNEs). We use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach, through a version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model extended to incorporate MNEs. The analysis is applied to the Czech Republic, a country that has received substantial inflows of foreign direct investment in the last few years. A special attention has been paid to the issue of profit repatriation. We find that the negative effects of profit repatriation are sizeable, and might even offset the positive impact of the entry of MNEs.     

Impact of the GST and Wine Tax Reform on Australia’s Wine Industry: A CGE Analysis

This study analyses the impacts of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced on 1 July 2000, and the associated wine tax reform, on both the premium and non‐premium segments of the grape and wine industry using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Australian economy. Through input cost reductions, the grape and wine industry is projected to gain from the GST tax package. Thus the industry can still gain even though wine consumption is taxed a little more heavily after than before the introduction of the GST. This is particularly so for the export‐oriented premium wine segment. A switch from the current ad valorem to a revenue‐neutral volumetric tax on wine under the GST is shown also to favour the premium segment of the industry, but at the expense of the non‐premium segment.     

时滞产品生产的经济增长与社会福利分析

时滞产品生产所带来的负外部性 ,使厂商利益与社会利益往往不一致 ,时滞产品的生产导致经济增长率与社会福利的同步下降 ,并可能引致资本向时滞产品生产领域流动从而加剧其影响程度。在生产领域适当的政府调控是保障经济增长目标实现与社会福利提升的必然选择。