Focused psychiatric review: impacts on expense and utilization

Focused Psychiatric Review, Aetna's inpatient mental health utilization review program, reduces length of stay and stabilizes admission rates and, as a consequence, reduces expenses, according to the study reported in this article. The program has greater impact on psychiatric than on substance abuse treatments. The best estimate of annual net program savings is $34.90 per covered employee, a return of $12.60 saved for each program dollar spent.     

Earnings management,corporate governance and expense stickiness

Cost and expense stickiness is an important issue in accounting and economics research, and the literature has shown that cost stickiness cannot be separated fr...     

Stock compensation expense,cash flows,and inflated valuations

Review of Accounting Studies - This paper reviews the statement of cash flow implications of stock compensation expense and the effect it can have on valuations. The paper suggests that treating...     

Oral and written communication apprehension in accounting students: Curriculum impacts and impacts on academic performance

In the context of an accounting curriculum that has been significantly modified over the past decade in response to calls for skills development, this study investigates the impacts of curriculum on students' levels of communication apprehension. An emerging concern in accounting is that attempts made to improve students' communication skills may fail or be less effective for some students because such attempts do not improve, or may even exacerbate, students' anxiety about communicating, which in turn leads to poorer performance. The results from this New Zealand study show that students in their final year of study in which they are exposed to greater communication demands do not, on average, have higher levels of communication apprehension in earlier studies than their peers do. The levels of communication apprehension for final year students decline most markedly for those students starting with higher average levels of apprehension. The results fail to find any strong associations between levels of communication apprehension and students' abilities to advance in their studies or average levels of academic performance. One finding that opens up the possibility for further research, however, is that students' anxiety about communicating in interviews is not reduced.     

有关汇率变动影响企业投资的研究综述

文章介绍了有关汇率变动影响企业投资的相关文献,指出汇率水平变化通过价格效应和成本效应两条途径影响企业投资,其影响程度与企业类型、成本加成、垄断力量等有关。而关于汇率波动对企业投资的影响则有正向、负向和关系不明确三种结论并存。在当前人民币汇率波动不断加大的背景下,从理论上弄清汇率变动与企业投资之间的关系具有重要意义。     

Youth-led social change: Topics,engagement types,organizational types,strategies, and impacts

This paper provides a framework for evaluating youth-led social change. The framework considers: seven topics (e.g., environment, human health and safety, and education); nine engagement types (e.g., volunteerism, research and innovation, and political engagement); six organizational types (e.g., advisory body, social enterprise, and individual); three strategies (socialization, influence, and power); and three scales of impacts (individual, community/inter-organizational, and national/international). Using this framework, empirical research provides evidence of how youth – defined as young people 15–24 years of age – have been agents of change in Canada over the 35 years from 1978 to 2012. A media content analysis of 264 articles, combined with frequency and chi-square tests, were completed to study the factors and the relationships among them. The results show a strong relationship between the impact and the strategy, topic, engagement type, and organizational type. The results also show a strong relationship between the strategy and the impact, engagement type and organizational type. The findings have implications for youth leaders and those who advocate for, work with, support, and educate them, and for those interested in evaluating social change efforts.     

Qualified audit opinions and stock prices: Information content,announcement dates,and concurrent disclosures

We investigate whether announcements of ‘subject to’ audit opinions and disclaimers of opinions affect stock prices. The results indicate that many firms experience negative abnormal performance prior to the release of qualified opinions, and that the magnitude of prior abnormal performance differs across types of qualifications. However, there is little evidence of a stock price effect when qualifications are disclosed publicly. It is difficult to construct powerful tests of the announcement effect of a qualified opinion for three reasons. First, the announcement date of the qualification is not easily identified. Second, measuring the unanticipated component of the announcement requires a model of market expectations. Third, controls must be employed for concurrent disclosures. The problems concerning event date identification have ramifications for other accounting event studies, particularly studies of disclosures typically contained in the annual report or 10-K.     

Predictors of revenue shifting and expense shifting: Evidence from an emerging economy

Prior literature established that managers engage in Revenue Shifting (RS) and Expense Shifting (ES) with an intent to report favourable operating performance; our paper extends such research in a new direction by investigating both forms based on the need, ease, and advantage of each form of shifting strategy. The study identifies firm-specific factors that incentivize firms to prefer RS over ES and vice-versa. We undertake a longitudinal study (2001–2019) using a sample size of 39,634 firm-years, enlisted in the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). Our results show that peer-performance, size, financial leverage, growth opportunities, accounting flexibility, and age of the firm are important determinants of RS and ES. Specifically, our results exhibit that large, levered, old, and high-growth firms are engaged in RS, whereas small, young, firms with lesser accounting flexibility, and firms operating below peer-performance are involved in ES. These results are robust to controlling for accruals earnings management, real earnings management, endogeneity, self-selection bias, and alternative measures of RS and ES. Our findings are helpful to auditors and investors in improving awareness of forms of classification shifting.     

The relative impacts of banking,infrastructure and labour on industrial growth: evidence from Indian states

This article analyses the impacts of outreach of banking services, infrastructure penetration, and labour market rigidity on the growth of manufacturing industries across 14 major states in India in the post-liberalization period (from 1991–92 to 2002–3). It documents that the outreach of the banking sector as well as infrastructure penetration has a significant positive impact on the growth of industries. Interestingly, the counteracting effect of labour market rigidity does not appear to be significant, if the effects of infrastructure and banking services are controlled for. This article also assesses the relative magnitudes of the impacts of these three institutional factors on industrial growth.     

日元升值：背景、影响与启示

日元在20世纪最后30年,经历了三次大规模的升值,而只有后两次伴随着出口下降和GDP增速大幅降低。文章指出,“广场协议”后日本经济的衰退,其主要原因不在日元升值,而在于不适当的货币政策。现阶段,我国经济与上世纪70、80年代的日本在发展阶段、增长模式、资产价格及外部环境等方面部存在相似性,因此,日元升值的历史以及当时货币政策的经验教训对我国具有重要的借鉴意义。     

近期我国资本流动逆转风险、影响及长期展望

近年来,外汇大量净流入我国,将来如果集中流出,可能加大经济金融运行的风险,因此,加强监测分析和风险防范非常必要。文章结合分析了我国资本流动逆转的诱因,以及应对资本流动逆转的有利条件之后认为,近期（3年左右）我国资本流动发生根本逆转的可能性不大,一旦发生也是可控的。从长期看,应进一步完善外汇市场和金融体系的机制建设,以应对资本流动的潜在风险。     

Liquidity risk,price impacts and the replication problem

We extend a linear version of the liquidity risk model of Çetin et al. (Finance Stoch. 8:311–341, 2004) to allow for price impacts. We show that the impact of a market order on prices depends on the size of the transaction and the level of liquidity. We obtain a simple characterization of self-financing trading strategies and a sufficient condition for no arbitrage. We consider a stochastic volatility model in which the volatility is partly correlated with the liquidity process and show that, with the use of variance swaps, contingent claims whose payoffs depend on the value of the asset can be approximately replicated in this setting. The replicating costs of such payoffs are obtained from the solutions of BSDEs with quadratic growth, and analytical properties of these solutions are investigated.     

房地产、经济增长与货币政策的相关影响

本文在分析房价与房地产投资影响因素、房地产投资与经济周期关系的基础上,评估了本次房地产紧缩政策可能带来的紧缩效应,认为调控政策大致能较好地防止今年经济走向过热。同时认为从中期来看,要遏制房价过快上涨,也应当关注通胀预期和利率政策的相关影响。     

Corporate governance,accounting and finance: A review

We review accounting and finance research on corporate governance (CG). In the course of our review, we focus on a particularly vexing issue, namely endogeneity in the relationships between CG and other matters of concern to accounting and finance scholars, and suggest ways to deal with it. Given the advent of large commercial CG databases, we also stress the importance of how CG is measured and in particular, the construction of CG indices, which should be sensitive to local institutional arrangements, and the need to capture both internal and external aspects of governance. The ‘stickiness’ of CG characteristics provides an additional challenge to CG scholars. Better theory is required, for example, to explain whether various CG practices substitute for each other or are complements. While a multidisciplinary approach to developing better theory is never without its difficulties, it could enrich the current body of knowledge in CG. Despite the vastness of the existing CG literature, these issues do suggest a number of avenues for future research.     

Alternative utility functions: review,analysis and comparison

The paper reviews the development of von Neumann and Morgenstern (vNM) utility theory. Kahneman and Tversky’s (KT’s) prospect theory is introduced. The vNM utility function is compared and contrasted with KT’s value function. We prove the uniqueness of two popular utility functions. First, we show that all power utility functions possess constant RRA. And, we show that all exponential utility functions have constant ARA. The paper concludes by discussing applications, strengths and weaknesses of various utility functions.