封闭式基金的业绩持续性检验

选择国内2004年存在的封闭式基金,从1999年至2004年的年收益进行业绩持续性能力的实证研究。结果发现封闭式基金的年收益存在着一定的业绩持续性表现,但检验的有效性并不强,同时这种业绩持续性表现呈现出越来越弱化的趋势。这说明封闭式基金的业绩持续能力尚待加强。     

流动性风险因子差异与封闭式基金折价关系研究

封闭式基金折价问题是长期以来困扰资本市场的一个难题.通过研究封闭式基金及其资产净值收益率的截面数据,检验了封闭式基金及其资产组合的流动性风险贴水差异,包括附加在基金及资产组合的风险收益和相关因子,如基金代理成本、基金管理业绩预期及Fama-French三因子等与基金折价的关系.实证检验的结果表明,国内封闭式基金流动性风险附加因子的差异可以部分解释封闭式基金交易折价现象.     

基于波动率的开放式基金业绩持续性检验

运用常用的列联表(Contigency table)、卡方检验和交叉积值等方法对我国开放式基金从2002年下半年至2006年12月31日的业绩持续性进行了研究,并根据业绩波动进行分组检验,结果发现开放式基金整体业绩持续性表现较差,这种表现是由业绩波动较高的开放式基金引起的。而业绩波动率较低的开放式基金则表现出了一定的业绩持续能力。     

我国开放式基金业绩持续性及其影响因素研究

持续性基金业绩指的是前期良好业绩基金会在以后持续维持其良好的业绩,同时前期的较差业绩基金也会进一步呈现出较差业绩。 基于对我国开放式基金行业的整体市场结构加以明确,分析其业绩持续性,能够判断出来开放式基金以往的投资收益能否涵盖后续收益预期,进而提供给投资者必要的决策依据,并以此来引领市场资金流向业绩持续良好类型的基金,并促进开放式基金业呈现出良性循环状态。 此外,还可从相当大的程度上,有效约束、引领基金管理控制公司所作出的投资决策,并看重其所管辖开放式基金领域的可持续性业绩,以防其在业绩目标下呈现短期行为,并且帮助基金管理公司科学考核经理业绩。 基于此,就我国开放式基金的整体发展特点,文章研究了开放式基金整体业绩持续性和相应的影响因素,仅供参考。     

投资基金企业绩评价管理者与投资者的不同取向

投资基金业绩评价按照评价的主体不同，可分为管理者和投资者两个角度，二者对基金的业绩评价存在主体、目的、对象、内容、标准、资料来源、作用方式的差异，管理者的企业绩评价取向是为了资源再配置和激励约束，投资者的业绩评价取向是评判基金的投资收益和风险。     

基于VAR的投资基金绩效评估方法

投资基金的评估方法主要有夏普业绩指数法、特雷诺业绩指数法、詹森业绩指数法。将VAR方法引入基金绩效评估模型，这种经风险调整后的绩效评估方法符合现代理论的要求，能更全面、有效的反映基金的真实收益。     

我国开放式基金业绩持续性的实证检验

本文运用绩效二分法和横截面回归方法对我国开放式基金的业绩持续性进行了检验。实证结果发现,我国开放式基金从总体上看业绩持续性不强,业绩持续性只是在短期内出现,基金经理不能连续战胜市场。此外,开放式基金在短期内还有显著的业绩反转现象产生,说明很难根据基金过去的收益来判断其未来的业绩。     

开放式基金业绩与投资者的选择——基于中国动态面板数据对申购、赎回的分析

国内相关文献仅探讨了开放式基金业绩对净赎回的影响,没有进一步探讨其对赎回、申购的影响.文章利用动态面板方法,分别检验了基金业绩对申购、赎回以及净赎回的影响.实证结果表明,中国开放式基金申购与历史业绩正相关,与即期业绩负相关;基金赎回、净赎回与基金业绩正相关.因而中国开放式基金具有完全不同于发达国家的PFR关系:"异常申购"、"异常赎回",以及由此导致的"异常净赎回".研究中还发现,股市收益、分红等其他因素对申购、赎回也有重要影响.     

我国开放式基金投资者流动性交易行为与基金业绩关系的实证研究

本文考察开放式基金由于投资者的申购和赎回而产生的流动性交易行为及其与基金业绩的关系,得出如下结论:(1)我国开放式基金投资者对单个基金认同程度很不一致,导致了对不同基金的申购和赎回差异悬殊;(2)投资者热衷于炒作小盘基金,使得其流动性交易远比大盘基金活跃,小盘基金更容易被少数大额持有人操纵而从中牟利;(3)我国开放式基金的业绩与其申购率成正向关系,但与赎回率没有明显的负向关系;(4)国外学者的早期研究发现,投资者倾向于购买业绩好的基金,但却不一定赎回业绩差的基金,这种业绩—流量的不对称性现象在我国基金市场同样存在。     

基金持股对我国上市公司业绩的影响——基于GLS异方差修正模型的实证分析

从基金参与公司治理的动力与对第一大股东形成制衡能力两方面出发,研究基金持股行为对上市公司业绩的影响,选取2014年我国上市公司相关数据进行实证研究,通过Tobin’s Q、净资产收益率(ROE)和每股收益(EPS)相关指标,运用普通最小二乘法进行回归估计,根据异方差检验结果,用GLS进行异方差的修正。得出以下结论:第一,基金持股会影响公司的业绩,没有基金持股的上市公司业绩会显著低于有基金持股的公司;第二,基金持股对公司业绩有正向的促进作用,公司的业绩会随着基金持股比例的增加而提高;第三,基金持股比例越接近第一大股东持股比例会对第一大股东产生制衡的作用,这种制衡能力会促进上市公司的业绩。     

Information content of prior period mutual fund performance rankings

This paper examines the relationship between prior and subsequent period performance rankings for all domestic equity mutual funds followed by Morningstar over the period 1976–1992. Evidence of statistically significant persistence in relative performance was detected in the full sample during the period 1980–1992. However, further examination revealed that persistence in mutual fund performance was no longer evident when the full sample was partitioned by investment objective. In this context, prior period mutual fund performance provides minimal insight into subsequent period performance and, therefore, is of little value in the mutual fund selection process.     

Are socially responsible exchange-traded funds paying off in performance?

This study examines the Socially Responsible (SR) exchange-traded funds (ETFs) by comparing their risk-adjusted performance with a matched group of conventional ETFs in the U.S. equity market. In contrast to prior studies that focus on actively managed mutual funds, we find that the risk-adjusted returns of SR ETFs are significantly lower than those of conventional ETFs during the 2005–2020 period. Such underperformance is only observed in non-crisis periods but not in economic crisis periods (i.e., the 2020 pandemic recession and 2008 financial turmoil). We attribute the observed underperformance of SR ETFs during the non-crisis periods to their limited diversification of unsystematic risks resulting from various negative or positive screens employed in the funds. We also find that net fund flows of the SR ETFs are less sensitive to past negative performance than are conventional fund flows. Collectively, our findings suggest that, instead of seeking wealth maximization, socially conscious investors may choose SR ETFs to gain non-economic utility.     

The performance of socially responsible equity mutual funds: Evidence from Sweden

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of socially responsible (SR) funds in Sweden by assessing fund managers' abilities and performances across different market states. These issues are analyzed at the aggregate and individual fund levels. The paper also presents several new statistical tests that allow more precise inferences about differences in performance and the variability in fund returns arising from different benchmarks. In general, SR and conventional funds perform similarly to the market. At the aggregate level, SR funds investing in Sweden and Europe perform similarly to conventional funds, while those investing globally tend to underperform. This underperformance seems to be linked with poor selectivity abilities of global SR fund managers. For individual funds, the performance of both types of funds is more similar. Most funds perform similarly in crisis periods compared to non‐crisis periods. Overall, our results are consistent with a mature market for SR investing and support the view that the similar performance of SR and conventional funds is associated with the mainstreaming of SR investment in Sweden. These findings encourage SR investing both by socially conscious investors, who wish to align their social values with their investment decisions, as well as by conventional investors, who will not be penalized by investing in these funds. We also call attention to the difficulties investors face when trying to identify funds with high social standards, considering that there is scarce information on the extent to which each fund (SR or conventional) holds stocks that comply with ethical and social criteria.     

The Use and Abuse of Mutual Fund Expenses

Prior research shows that mutual fund investors are often aware of up-front charges like sales loads, but they are less mindful of annual operating expenses, even though both types of fees lower overall performance. This study documents the historical trend and recent abuse of annual mutual fund expenses. As the industry becomes more adept at segmenting customers by level of investment sophistication, we claim that load mutual fund companies take advantage of this ability and charge higher expenses to their target customer: the less-knowledgeable investor. No-load fund companies, which tend to attract the more sophisticated investor, offer lower expenses. For example, over 2000–2004 the average annual expense ratio of load equity funds was 50 basis points higher than no-load equity funds. We show evidence of this widening cost disparity since the early 1990s among new and existing equity, bond, and index funds. We also document a growing abuse of sales distribution or 12b-1 fees among funds that are closed to new investors, almost all of which are load funds. Thus, load fund investors are more susceptible to paying higher expenses and receiving lower returns over time. Todd Houge is an Assistant Professor of Finance at the University of Iowa. Jay Wellman is an Assistant Professor of Finance at Binghamton University.     

Private equity performance and capital flows: Evidence from China

For more than 1500 private equity funds in China over the period from 1992 to 2013, we construct fund level performance metrics with investment level return data and examine performance and capital flows. The median (mean) fund IRR, net of fees, is 9.0% (51.7%), based on a sample that controls for survivorship bias. Fund IRRs are neither related to fund own characteristics, such as fund size, nor to overall market conditions around the time when the fund is raised. Competition reduces fund performance: returns are lower when there are many competitors entering the industry at the same time. Although experienced partnerships are more likely to raise a follow-on fund and to raise more capital, fund performance is not related to general partnership (GP) investment experience. Further, there is no performance persistence across funds managed by the same GP. Lastly, there is some evidence of investor maturity when judged on GPs' historical performance. This evidence characterizes a burgeoning yet immature PE industry in China.     

Firm boundaries,incentives, and fund performance: Evidence from a private pension fund system

The private pension fund system in Turkey presents a unique institutional structure where bank holding companies can own both private pension companies and asset management firms. More often than not, pension companies delegate their operational mandates to the asset management arm of the same bank. This practice exposes the retail investor to a double agency problem and raises questions about conflicts of interest and fiduciary duty. Our analysis reveals that the funds set up and managed under the same bank holding company perform worse on a risk-adjusted basis than the funds with an arm's length relationship between the pension company and the asset manager. We show that this relative underperformance is not simply a bank effect; bank-affiliated pension companies and asset managers do just as well, if not better than their peers, when they are not operating under the same roof. Unfortunately, this inefficient institutional structure is not eliminated by market discipline because these funds attract more flows from retail investors, and the underperformance is not discernible in raw returns.     

Does mutual fund investment influence accounting fraud?

Does mutual fund investment deter accounting fraud? Using a bivariate probit model, this study examines the relationship between mutual funds and accounting fraud between 2007 and 2014. We observed mutual fund investment has significantly higher levels of fraud detection, reducing firms' propensity to commit fraud. This validates Chinese regulators' efforts to develop mutual funds to address accounting fraud. Open-end mutual funds outperform closed-end mutual funds in detecting accounting fraud and reducing fraud commission; redeemable shares appear to discipline managers. This effect is moderated by state ownership of listed firms: mutual funds cannot effectively detect fraud in state-owned firms.     

The Information Content of Mutual Fund Print Advertising

The mutual fund industry has experienced tremendous growth in recent years. During this time period mutual funds have become somewhat of a commodity with many funds using advertising to attract investors. The current study uses content analysis to determine the informational content of fund advertising. The results indicate that while the average number of informational cues increased during the time period 1979 to 1989, there was no significant increase in the information content of mutual fund advertising between 1989 and 1999. Relatively few funds include information such as loads, 12b‐1 fees, and expense ratios in their advertisements, and fund ads rarely discuss risk.     

Managerial Sharing,Mutual Fund Connections,and Performance

In this study, we examine the effect of mutual fund connections, through managerial sharing, on performance and stock holding commonalities. Our analysis of return correlations and portfolio holdings indicates that more interconnected funds tend to buy and sell similar stocks, hence increasing the similarity of portfolio holdings and undermining the distinctiveness of their investment strategy. Our results also indicate that highly connected funds significantly underperform weakly connected funds by about 1.4% on a yearly risk‐adjusted basis. We show that fund family performance is unaffected by the intensity of fund connections, and that greater fund connections could significantly enhance family‐level profit margins.     

Publicly traded venture capital funds: implications for institutional “fund of funds” investors

Institutional investors supply the bulk of the funds which are used by venture capital investment firms in financing emerging growth companies. These investors typically place their funds in a number of venture capital firms, thus achieving diversification across a range of investment philosophy, geography, management, industry, investment life cycle stage and type of security. Essentially, each institutional investor manages a “fund of funds,” attempting through the principles of portfolio theory to reduce the risk of participating in the venture capital business while retaining the up-side potential which was the original source of attraction to the business. Because most venture capital investment firms are privately held limited partnerships, it is very difficult to measure risk adjusted rates of return on these funds on a continuous basis.In this paper, we use the set of twelve publicly traded venture capital firms as a proxy to develop insight regarding the risk reduction effect of investment in a portfolio of venture capital funds, i.e., a fund of funds. Measurements of weekly total returns for the shares of these funds are compared with similar returns on a set of comparably sized “maximum capital gain” mutual funds and the daily return of the S&P 500 Index. A comparison of returns on an individual fund basis, as well as a correlation of daily returns of these individual funds, were made. In order to adjust for any systematic bias resulting from the “thin market” characteristic of the securities of the firms being observed, the Scholes-Williams beta estimation technique was used to reduce the effects of nonsynchronous trading.The results indicate that superior returns are realized on such portfolios when compared with portfolios of growth-oriented mutual funds and with the S&P 500 Index. This is the case whether the portfolios are equally weighted (i.e., “naive”) or constructed to be mean-variant efficient, ex ante, according to the capital asset pricing model. When compared individually, more of the venture funds dominated the S&P Market Index than did the mutual funds and by much larger margins. When combined in portfolios, the venture capital funds demonstrated very low beta coefficients and very low covariance of returns among portfolio components when compared with portfolios of mutual funds. To aid in interpreting these results, we analyzed the discounts and premia from net asset value on the funds involved and compared them to Thompson's findings regarding the contribution of such differences to abnormal returns. We found that observed excess returns greatly exceed the level which would be explained by these differences.The implications of these results for the practitioner are significant. They essentially tell us that, while investment in individual venture capital deals is considered to have high risk relative to potential return, combinations of deals (i.e., venture capital portfolios) were shown to produce superior risk adjusted returns in the market place. Further, these results show that further combining these portfolios into larger portfolios (i.e., “funds of funds”) provides even greater excess returns over the market index, thus plausibly explaining the “fund of funds” approach to venture capital investment taken by many institutional investors.While the funds studied are relatively small and are either small business investment companies or business development companies, they serve as a useful proxy for the organized venture capital industry, despite the fact that the bulk of the funds in the industry are institutionally funded, private, closely held limited partnerships which do not trade continuously in an open market. These results demonstrate to investors the magnitude of the differences in risk adjusted total return between publicly traded venture capital funds and growth oriented mutual funds on an individual fund basis. They also demonstrate to investors the power of the “fund of funds” approach to institutional involvement in the venture capital business. Because such an approach produces better risk adjusted investment results for the institutional investor, it seems to justify a greater flow of capital into the business from more risk averse institutional investment sources. This may mean greater access to institutional funds for those seeking to form new venture capital funds. For entrepreneurs seeking venture capital funds for their young companies, it may also mean a lower potential cost of capital for the financing of business venturing. From the viewpoint of public policy makers interested in facilitating the funding of business venturing, it may provide insight regarding regulatory issues surrounding taxation and the barriers and incentives which affect venture capital investment.