Skill Formation,Immigration and European Integration: The Politics of the UK Growth Model

ABSTRACT

While a reluctant European player now heading for the Exit, the UK was also an enthusiastic adopter of several key EU economic policies – namely, the skills and technology policies of Agenda 2020 and labour mobility. These initiatives worked with existing British policy, and structural biases, to exacerbate the already bifurcated structure of UK capitalism – between the high-paid technology and financial services sector on the one hand, and low-cost, low-wage sectors on the other hand. In particular, and central to the argument of this paper, immigration from Eastern and Central Europe after 2004 helped to sustain low-cost manufacturing and services industries by undermining firms’ incentives to invest in training. This combined with endemic failures in the UK’s skills system, which is heavily geared towards producing graduates with general skills but neglects the needs of mid and lower segments of the labour market. EU integration, therefore, exacerbated cleavages over skills between high- and low-productivity sectors and may have contributed to social divisions that led to Brexit.     

The Impact of Company Human Resource Policies on Social Skills: Implications for Training Sponsorship, Quit Rates and Efficiency Wages

The concept of a firm's human capital is reconsidered to include both the technical and the social skills of its workforce. Technical skills are defined by the ability to turn inputs into outputs, and measured by the productivity of unit labour effort. Social skills are defined by the propensity to behave in a manner conducive to the firm's objectives. In other words, social skills are constituted as the norm of effort contribution to which an individual assents, and are measured by observed motivation and behaviour. The existence for firms of a labour management function is proposed and supported, relating social skills to human resource policies. Implications for the labour market are that: (i) firms pay for general training and, at the same time, wages do not necessarily increase with training; (ii) human capital acquisition may not lead to an increase in quitting, even controlling for wages; (iii) human resource policies substitute for efficiency wages or for employee monitoring; and (iv) economies with high organisational commitment have low equilibrium unemployment rates.     

Services,innovation and the new economy

Several distinctive stylized facts form the new economy, an information technology service sector organized in network forms of organization, an inflation rate below its fundamentals, an increase in stock market volatility, high rates of economic growth, but apart from a small information technology manufacturing sector low productivity rates. This paper presents a model where the innovation of new service varieties can explain all of these facts. First, productivity gains are no longer realized within but between firms, as the increase in variety increases value-added per employee. Whilst service innovators, such as the information technology manufacturers, get ever more productive, individual service firms will exhibit low productivity. It is this unmeasured sectoral productivity gain, which is the key element in understanding the intrinsic inertia in the price index. Finally, the paper shows that variety in the service sector enables service providers to realize rents, where fluctuations of these rents are the basis of more than proportional changes in the firms' stock market value.     

企业专项开展新员工安全教育的必要性

在石油化工企业,新员工往往由于未经系统全面的技术和安全技能培训,安全意识较差,技能水平较低,在这个群体中极易发生违章违纪现象,不能完全以＂主人翁＂的心态进入企业安全文化的建设中,使得新员工成为＂三违＂的高发群体,因此,新员工进行安全教育培训是必不可少的。从新员工的特点着手,就新员工安全培训的必要性和培训的主要内容作了论述。     

Learning the master's trade: Apprenticeship and human capital in Ghana

This paper explores the institution of apprenticeship in Ghana. A model is presented where apprenticeship training is idiosyncratic, increasing an individual's productivity in the current firm, but not in any other firm. Still, individuals are willing to fund apprenticeships as they can reap the returns to the specific training of apprenticeship if they manage to acquire the capital required to start their own firms, and replicate the technology and business practice of the apprenticeship firm. Predictions of the model for the productivity and remuneration of different workers are developed and tested using both a linked employer–employee survey of manufacturing firms and a national household survey.     

人工智能技术创新缩小了性别收入差距吗？——基于中国家庭追踪调查的经验分析

人工智能技术创新在提高制造业生产效率的同时,也在重塑行业内劳动力市场中不同群体的“技能-技术”匹配关系和收入分配。本文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据考察人工智能技术创新对制造业性别收入差距的影响,并从理论上探讨其内在影响机理。研究发现：(1)技术进步扩大了行业中的性别工资差距,但使整体工资水平趋于上升；(2)技术进步使低技能群体的性别收入差距缩小,但却扩大了高技能群体的性别收入差距；(3)制造业中人工智能技术创新主要通过教育程度、行业内性别偏好、女性精细化能力优势以及低技能工作对体力技能需求下降的方式影响性别工资差距。     

中小民营制造企业员工离职原因的实证研究

目前,中小民营企业员工离职率的上升,给企业的生存和发展带来了巨大威助.作者通过对湖南23家中小民营制造企业的问卷调查,并运用SPSS软件对数据进行处理,研究发现,影响中小民营制造企业员工离职的原因有薪酬福利、晋升发展与培训、工作因素、公司效益与发展前景、人际关系、家庭因素等.根据这些原因的分析,针对性地提出了解决措施.这对中小民营企业的进一步发展和构筑竞争优势具有一定的指导意义.     

智能制造如何影响劳动收入份额——基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究

本文分析了智能制造发展对劳动收入份额的影响。基于嵌套的CES生产函数来构建含有智能制造和传统生产方式的劳动收入份额理论框架,刻画智能制造对劳动收入份额的影响机制,通过构造智能制造指标体系和“标准化供给面系统”进行实证分析。研究发现：智能制造与传统生产方式之间的替代弹性决定了智能制造－劳动扩展型技术进步对劳动收入份额的作用方向。根据“标准化供给面系统”发现智能制造与传统生产方式之间的替代弹性为互补关系,使得智能制造－劳动扩展型技术最终偏向于智能制造,从而降低了劳动收入份额。此外,智能制造发展提高了平均工资率和劳动生产率,但要素之间的互补关系使得劳动生产率的提高对资本与智能制造产生超额需求,提高了资本和智能制造所得,限制了劳动收入份额上升。因此,应完善收入保障机制,如降低劳动所得税收,通过收入再分配提高劳动者的福利保障,同时也要加强对劳动技能的培训,使得与智能制造发展水平相匹配,进而增加劳动报酬,提高劳动收入份额。     

基于行业细分的我国制造业就业技能结构影响因素研究

技术进步对就业结构具有重要影响,其中技能偏态型技术进步对就业技能结构的影响尤为突出。本文选取2001—2010年间我国制造业29个细分行业的经济发展数据,分别考察了市场主导型FDI技术溢出、出口主导型FDI技术溢出、企业研发等因素对我国制造业就业技能结构的影响。研究结果表明,市场主导型FDI技术溢出仅对中低技术行业的就业技能结构具有负的影响,而出口主导型FDI带来的技术溢出对高技术行业和中低技术行业就业技能结构均有显著的正向作用。同时,企业规模的扩大和资本深化程度的增加将降低制造业高技术劳动力的占比,而企业自身研发投入的加强将明显提升制造业的就业技能结构。     

Breeding and raiding: A theory of strategic production of skills

Some of the skills that firms require are obtained only through on-the-job-training. This paper concentrates on the strategic production of skills within the firm. Firms obtain high-quality workers either by training their own (breeding) or by using the open market to bid away workers trained by other firms (raiding). Even when all firms have access to the same technology of production, training, and breeding, it will typically be the case that both breeding and raiding will be pursued, with equal profitability, in equilibrium. Thus, we explain raiding behavior as part of an equilibrium theory. This paper also studies the effect of the decision to train workers on the optimal firm size and the distribution of income.     

员工离职成本与企业在职培训*

假设员工转换工作的“离职成本”是员工的私人信息,对企业而言服从特定分布,企业对员工采取（买方的）三级区别定价。企业的在职培训既提高员工的劳动生产率,又改变员工离职成本的分布,最终影响员工的离职率和“生产率—工资”之差。这两个作用都会影响企业投资于在职培训的激励。已有文献仅关注后一个激励,本文模型则二者兼顾,研究了企业在职培训的决定因素,以及企业培训与员工离职的关系。本文证明,即使没有压缩的工资结构,企业仍有激励提供一般性员工培训。较高的离职率也可以伴随着较高的培训水平,从而同时实现培训效率和劳动力配置效率。本文认为这是欧洲“双元制”培训体系的成功经验,可作为我国经济转型升级的政策参考。     

Training and worker effort: a signalling perspective

Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between firms’ investment in general skills training and workers’ incentives. It shows that when a firm has an informational advantage over its workers, its provision of free general skills training can serve as a signal that there will be a long‐term relationship between the firm and its workers. This signal induces the workers to exert more effort in learning firm‐specific skills, which enhances the firm's profits. In contrast with most of the existing literature, the model implies that firms may provide free general skills training even if there is no labour market friction.     

教练型领导对员工创造力的影响：来自制造企业的实证分析

作为企业创新的不竭动力，员工创造力的价值日益凸显。针对制造企业，通过问卷调查法收集了373份员工调研数据，构建一个被中介的调节作用模型，探讨教练型领导对员工创造力的具体作用机制。结果发现：教练型领导能显著正向预测员工创造力；员工内在动机部分中介教练型领导对其创造力的积极影响；员工变革开放性在教练型领导影响其创造力的过程中发挥正向调节作用，且该调节作用部分通过员工内在动机进行中介传递。最后，提出相应管理启示，为制造企业人力资源管理实践提供决策参考。     

私法自治原则下职务发明奖酬制度研究

职务发明法律制度旨在协调职务发明人与单位间的利益关系，鼓励相关主体创新，进而促进科技成果转化、加快创新型国家建设。然而《职务发明条例（草案）》中的职务发明奖酬制度约定优先原则极不稳定及政府对市场过度干预的现实，与职务发明制度立法目的背道而驰。因此，要实现对立法本质的回归，应坚持以私法自治为基础，建立以企业为主体、市场为导向的科技创新激励机制，充分发挥科技成果转化相关立法的激励作用。     

技术需求与智能制造技术创新——数字经济的导向性赋能机制

智能制造技术创新是持续推动制造业高质量发展的关键动力。为探究制造业技术需求、数字经济赋能对非市场与市场导向下智能制造技术创新的作用机制，基于技术创新需求拉动理论，引入数字经济赋能构建投入-产出两阶段模型。分析发现，当政府研发补贴较高时，劳动替代需求与智能制造技术创新投入呈倒U型相关，对智能制造研发投入产生挤出效应；以效率提升为主的技术市场需求通过影响企业智能制造技术创新投入，间接推动技术创新产出。有调节的中介模型检验表明，数字经济赋能正向调节市场导向的智能制造技术创新产出，但对非市场导向的技术创新不具赋能作用。在充分利用数字经济发展优势的同时，应依托需求拉动机制开发更多需求侧政策工具，进一步激发智能制造技术创新。     

Firm-sponsored training in regulated labour markets: evidence from Spain

Using data from the 1994 European Community Household Panel Survey, the author examines who receives formal firm-sponsored training in Spain. The author finds that the distribution of firm-sponsored training in the work force is uneven and concentrated among more skilled workers in the upper deciles of the wage distribution. The data show that the likelihood of receiving firm-sponsored training for a low education employee is much lower. Also, the better-educated employees in high wage occupations of the largest establishments have higher probabilities of receiving specific training. Spain has a highly regulated labour market, and the labour market frictions and institutions compress and distort the structure of wages. However, the results suggest that the highly compressed wage structure do not provide firms with the incentive to invest in general training.     

平台型领导对员工主动创新行为的跨层次影响

员工创新能力决定企业生存和长远发展,企业管理者领导风格对员工创新行为具有重要影响,平台型领导者个人魅力在影响下属行为方面具有积极作用,有助于促进员工主动创新行为。基于社会交换理论和社会学习理论,构建平台型领导与员工主动创新行为跨层次影响模型。对24个团队211人样本进行实证分析,研究发现：平台型领导对团队学习涌现、创造性自我效能感和主动创新行为具有显著正向促进作用;创造性自我效能感在平台型领导与主动创新行为之间发挥跨层次中介作用;团队学习涌现在平台型领导与主动创新行为之间发挥跨层次中介作用。研究结果有助于揭开平台型领导影响员工主动创新行为的“黑箱”,并为企业管理者激励员工日常创新活动提供借鉴和指导。     

“互联网+制造”模式下产业政策比较研究

基于Rothwell和Zegveld政策工具，从国家顶层政策设计视角选取2012-2016年中国、德国、美国“互联网+制造”模式11项产业政策为分析样本，对比顶层政策的高效性、合理性。研究发现，人才培养仍然是各国政策的关注点，政府在产业发展过程中的引导角色至关重要，政策出台的连续性和稳定性比创新性更重要。最后，提出中国政府利用“互联网+制造”模式发展契机，通过细化顶层政策设计、建立制造和技术传承新范式等促进制造业良性发展的相关建议。     

“双碳”目标下碳交易与制造业绿色全要素生产率——基于异质性技术创新模式的机制检验

碳交易是推动制造业绿色发展,实现“双碳”目标的重要市场化工具,交易价格和市场规模能够反映碳交易实施状况,是影响制造业绿色全要素生产率的重要因素。从碳交易价格和市场规模切入,基于2008—2020年中国内地30个省份面板数据,构建连续型双重差分模型评估碳交易对制造业绿色全要素生产率的作用效果,并考察异质性技术创新模式的传导路径。结果表明,提高碳交易价格和扩大市场规模均能显著提升制造业绿色全要素生产率。机制检验表明,碳交易价格和市场规模能够推动自主创新、减少技术改造投入,进而影响制造业绿色全要素生产率,而技术引进并非有效路径。进一步研究发现,自主创新对技术改造存在挤出效应。研究结论对完善碳交易制度顶层设计、精准制定技术创新配套政策具有重要启示意义。