管理解释对组织二元性的影响:行动一致性的调节作用

管理者对战略环境的解释对其战略选择具有重要影响,而企业探索式创新、利用式创新及两者平衡是影响企业发展的重要战略,考察管理解释对组织二元创新的影响具有重要意义。基于管理认知过程研究,提出一系列关于管理解释与组织二元性(包括探索式创新和利用式创新)关系的假设,基于207份问卷样本数据实证研究发现,管理者威胁解释会促进利用式创新,而机会解释会促进探索式创新;管理者矛盾性解释会促进组织二元性,而管理团队行动一致性在以上关系中具有正向调节作用。研究结论丰富了管理认知过程的重要环节——管理者外部环境解释,并将其与组织发展重要因素——组织二元性相结合,刻画了如何通过对外部信息的矛盾性解释,辩证地考察企业发展战略,进而成功构建二元性组织。     

A Graphical Interpretation of Probit Coefficients

Although the use of discrete choice models (particularly the probit model) is widely taught, it is the method rather than the interpretation of results that is emphasized. This article provides a graphical technique for interpretation that will be useful in statistics and econometrics courses.     

On Hegel’s Interpretation of the Conflict in Antigone

This essay will argue that Hegel’s balanced interpretation of the Antigone is the correct one on the grounds that any interpretation that favors either Creon or Antigone or reduces the conflict to one of personalities and not values would render Antigone a weaker tragedy.     

Interpreting Ricardo: a rejoinder to Peach

This note answers Terry Peach's (1998) response to our criticismsof his interpretation of Ricardo. We show that the availableevidence supports Sraffa's interpretation. The arguments putforward by Peach, far from undermining that interpretation orfurthering an understanding of Ricardo's project, do littlemore than catalogue the already well-known difficulties thatRicardo encountered as he grappled toward a clearer accountof the laws that regulate distribution and prices.     

Cooperative bargaining foundations of the Shapley–Shubik index

In a recent paper, we provide an interpretation of the Shapley–Shubik index as a measure of the ‘bargaining power’ that a voting rule gives to each member of a committee negotiating in search of consensus. It is assumed that negotiation takes place under the condition that every winning coalition can impose any agreement. In this paper we further investigate the axiomatic foundations of this interpretation of the Shapley–Shubik index. To this end a wider framework admitting random voting rules is considered.     

仿制药专利挑战机制解释学分析与进路选择

仿制药专利挑战机制是我国药品专利链接制度的核心环节。在现有规范体系下进行制度构建，存在同现行《专利法》抵触的问题，通过立法或释法活动化解这种冲突具有必要性。在解释学范式下对仿制药品专利挑战侵权拟制、侵权解释两种立法进路进行推演和反思，并辅之以制度体系、国际比较、法律政策、经济分析等视角，可得出拟制进路更为可行的结论。在拟制进路下进行制度构建，应遵循法律拟制技术规范，并妥善处理制度配套问题。     

The Fable of the Allegory: The Wizard of Oz in Economics: Comment

Although recent research strongly suggests that L. Frank Baum did not write The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a monetary or political allegory, the Populist-parable interpretation of his book remains a tremendous teaching tool in economics classes. The author offers some background on the rise and fall of the Populist interpretation, in recognition of students' natural curiosity about Baum's intentions. He also offers a classroom-ready version of the parable that synthesizes several different versions of that interpretation.     

Reconciling the Invisible Hand and innovation

It is generally agreed that Adam Smith invoked the Invisible Hand to send the message to posterity that a free-market economy is the best form of economic organization. Strictly speaking, the Invisible Hand of Adam Smith is a conjecture about the virtues of a free-market economy. There are three claims in this paper concerning the interpretation of the Invisible Hand conjecture. First, the neoclassical interpretation engenders a conceptual confusion – identified here as the ‘double paradox’ of the Invisible Hand. Second, the interpretation of Adam Smith's conjecture on the beneficial effects of the free-market economy cannot – and should not – be confined to the production and consumption of existing products. Failure to distinguish the Invisible Hand Theorem from the Invisible Hand Doctrine distorts thinking about Adam Smith's message, creating the misconception that the Invisible Hand passage excludes business innovation. Third, the central message conveyed by Invisible Hand is to be read in the context of modern evolutionary economics.     

Critical reflections on a realist interpretation of Friedman’s ‘Methodology of Positive Economics’

Uskali Mäki has offered an innovative scientific realist account of Milton Friedman’s 1953 essay, ‘The Methodology of Positive Economics’, which directly challenges the dominant instrumentalist interpretation. This paper offers critical reflections on Mäki’s approach and interpretation. It is argued that Mäki’s method of rereading-rewriting the text is problematic; that an unforced instrumentalist account of unrealistic assumptions can be extracted from the text itself; and that seemingly realist passages can be plausibly read as expressing an instrumentalist stance.     

Factor Intensity Reversal in a Three-Factor,Three-Commodity Model*

The extension of the notion of factor intensity reversal is extended to three dimensions and it becomes clear that a single phenomenon in two dimensions becomes two distinct phenomena in three. It is shown that one interpretation, the degeneration of A, the coefficient matrix, is the phenomenon which causes problems in trade theory, and this case is easily extended to higher dimensions. Another interpretation uses the Minkowski and Metzler definitions of intensities, and here it is shown that while ‘reversals’ are possible they cause no difficulties unless they are also associated with a degeneration of A. Thus the heart of ‘factor intensity reversal’, i.e. degeneration of A, is easily generalized.     

试析德沃金对司法能动主义的批判——宪法解释视角

德沃金的法律解释学说是本世纪重要的法律学说,其宪法的道德解释是不同于司法能动主义支持者解释路径,通过对原意主义批判和宪法道德解释证成两个方面对司法能动主义进行批判。     

Institutional Demand-Side Discrimination Against Women and the Human Capital Model

Human capital theorists claim that the gender wage gap is due in large part to supply-side factors. They base this claim on empirical evidence. This paper challenges the interpretation of that empirical evidence. It argues that that interpretation is based on an assumption of a simplified production system that rules out any consideration of institutionally-based demand-side discrimination. It argues that insiders have an incentive to choose production techniques that benefit themselves, and that their choices will bias measures of human capital in their favor. The paper then considers a specific case study - the undergraduate U.S. academic market - where such institutionally-based demand-side discrimination exists, and offers an institutional change which could work to offset it.     

Using regression tree ensembles to model interaction effects: a graphical approach

Multiplicative interaction terms are widely used in economics to identify heterogeneous effects and to tailor policy recommendations. The execution of these models is often flawed due to specification and interpretation errors. This article introduces regression trees and regression tree ensembles to model and visualize interaction effects. Tree-based methods include interactions by construction and in a nonlinear manner. Visualizing nonlinear interaction effects in a way that can be easily read overcomes common interpretation errors. We apply the proposed approach to two different datasets to illustrate its usefulness.     

The Lerner index and revenue maximization

Based on profit-maximizing behaviour, the usual interpretation of the Lerner index is that a zero value reflects competitive behaviour, while a positive value is associated with market power. We investigate to what extent the usual interpretation of the Lerner index remains valid in a setting where firms do not pursue profit maximization, but instead maximize revenues subject to a minimum-profit constraint. We show that a positive Lerner index still indicates market power, but that the magnitude of a positive Lerner index can no longer be used to determine how much market power there is. Furthermore, extra information would be required to draw conclusions about the presence or absence of market power when the Lerner index is zero or negative. We discuss the empirical implications of our results.     

The so-called “transformation problem” revisited: A comment

This comment shows that Lipietz's Marxist transformation theorem represents but a simple, though useful reinterpretation of obvious mathematical consequences of a standard Sraffa model—by making appropriate use of its known degree of freedom. Labor values are not involved in this new interpretation of conventional prices of production. A proposal is therefore made how their role in Marx's transformation may be investigated further on the basis of Lipietz's theorem and its interpretation of the “value of labor power”.     

经济转轨与城镇化进程中的居民消费行为特征——对1396户城镇家庭的实证分析

基于中国9个省1396户城镇家庭的面板数据,运用系统广义矩估计法对一个包括习惯形成和不确定性的欧拉方程进行估计以考察家庭消费是否跨时演进,研究结果表明,偏好的设定偏误是传统的生命周期——持久收入模型不能很好地诠释中国城镇家庭消费决策的一个原因,在解释消费决策的影响因素时假定偏好的跨时可分性会得出错误的结论,城镇居民消费偏好的跨时不可分性以及由收入和支出不确定性引发的预防性储蓄动机是导致居民消费倾向持续偏低的重要原因。     

A materialist development of some recent contributions to the labour theory of value

The paper offers a novel interpretation and affirmation of theopening arguments of Capital, answering the fundamental butneglected question of why labour is the substance of value.Marx's arguments require that two philosophical threads, oftenseparated in the literature on value, be woven together. Theargument that value is the intrinsic ‘content’ makingcommodities exchangeable employs the thread of realism. Theargument that abstract labour is the emergent ‘socialsubstance’ of value employs the thread of dialectics.This interpretation develops the materialist and dialecticalphilosophy of E.V. Ilyenkov and deepens the approach to valuetheory initiated by Ben Fine.     

Making Sense of the Comparative Advantage Gains from Trade: Comment on Batra

This paper addresses Ravi Batra’s (2002 ) criticism of the basic comparative advantage gains‐from‐trade model. While Batra’s criticism is based on the selection view interpretation of real income, the gains from trade can only be properly understood from the options view interpretation of real income. I also show how a recent empirical implementation of the gains‐from‐trade model defies Batra’s claim that “the consumption gain . . . is not subject to measurement” (2002, p. 642).     

Financial constraints and the balance sheet channel: a re-interpretation

Aggregate demand models extending IS/LM fixed price framework yield an enhancement mechanism of the traditional monetary transmission mechanism, the credit channel, which, according to the credit view, works through the ‘balance sheet channel’ and the ‘bank lending channel’. In this paper the augmented IS/LM model is modified assuming that investments may be financed by both internal and external sources of funds. The inclusion of internal funds in the augmented IS/LM fixed price model suggests a different interpretation of the ‘balance sheet channel’ as an enhancement mechanism amplifying monetary policy effects through the quantity rather than the cost of borrowing. Thus, changes in borrowers’ net worth over the cycle can amplify and propagate output fluctuations directly rather than indirectly as in the traditional interpretation of the balance sheet channel. The empirical analysis of the monetary transmission mechanism for Italy in the last decade accords with the interpretation of the balance sheet channel proposed in this paper.     

InterpretingEconomic Justice for all as a pre-economic essay on merit wants

It is fruitful to interpret The Bishops' Letter, in line with Robbins' classic definition of economics, as being a pre-economic document that identifies some “given ends” for economists to accept, if only provisionally, in carrying out their economic analyses. Such an interpretation is entirely consistent with the view of their own work that the bishops expressed in their letter. This interpretation leads to treating The Letter as a document dealling with the moral and ethical issues involved in selection of social goals and with incorporating these goals into welfare economics by identifying them as merit wants (or goals). A society that does have merit goods among its goals cannot achieve its goals without public action. The bishops recognize this, but The Letter is by no means statist.