乌克兰危机与中东欧国家融入欧洲一体化进程的推进

在2022年乌克兰危机背景下,中东欧地区尚未加入欧盟、欧元区和申根区国家的欧洲一体化进程取得显著进展。该文回顾了乌克兰危机全面升级前后中东欧国家融入欧洲一体化进程的发展变化,从西巴尔干国家加入欧盟、中东欧地区欧盟成员国加入欧元区和申根区三个方面分析中东欧国家融入欧洲一体化进程取得突破性进展的原因,并对中东欧国家融入欧洲一体化进程的前景进行展望。     

欧盟能源一体化战略探析

欧盟的能源一体化战略着力于对内完善欧洲能源内部市场和统一内部标准,对外进行对外能源对话与发展战略合作伙伴关系,并采取了一些前瞻性的措施,以便通过"缓慢的能源市场一体化",逐步建立一个以欧盟为中心的跨国能源大市场。虽然能源一体化取得了巨大成就,但也存在许多阻碍,例如欧盟各成员国在电力和天然气市场的竞争政策差异以及欧盟制度因素对能源市场一体化的阻碍。     

欧盟商品市场一体化的影响因素分析——基于边界效应的视角

边界效应是指边界对跨边界经济行为的影响。基于边界效应的视角,本文从实证角度对欧盟一体化的影响因素进行了定量分析。结论如下:第一,欧盟25国的内部边界效应数值很大,反映了欧盟25个成员国之间仍然存在诸多的发展障碍。第二,欧盟25国的内部边界效应小于国际边界效应,表明欧盟25个成员国之间的一体化水平高于其与外部国家的一体化水平。第三,欧盟15国的边界效应值远小于欧盟25国的边界效应值,特别是欧盟15国的国际边界效应值也远远小于欧盟25的内部边界效应值,折射出东扩后的欧盟在融合和协调中所遇到的尴尬和困窘。     

欧盟区域政策实施效果研究

欧盟是目前各国实现区域经济一体化的典范,但其内部的发展差距也是很大的。欧盟内部发展不平衡既存在于各成员国之间,也存在于成员国内各地区之间。各地区存在着广泛的自然资源差距,不同的区位差异,不同的文化背景和种族差别,这种差别也体现在地区经济发展水平的不平衡上。经过三十多年的实践,欧盟区域政策无论在制度基础,区域划分还是政策工具等方面都是极为成熟和完善的,借鉴欧盟区域政策成熟的运行机理,对我国制定和实施区域政策,缩小地区经济差异有十分重要的意义。     

欧盟商品市场一体化的影响因素分析:基于边界效应的视角

边界效应是指边界对跨边界经济行为的影响。基于边界效应的视角,本文从实证角度对欧盟一体化的影响因素进行了定量分析。结论如下:第一,欧盟25国的内部边界效应数值很大,反映了欧盟25个成员国之间仍然存在诸多的发展障碍;第二,欧盟25国的内部边界效应小于国际边界效应,表明欧盟25个成员国之间的一体化水平高于其与外部国家的一体化水平;第三,欧盟15国的边界效应值远小于欧盟25国的边界效应值,特别是欧盟15国的国际边界效应值也远远小于欧盟25国的内部边界效应值,折射出东扩后的欧盟在融合和协调中所遇到的尴尬和困窘。     

欧盟老成员国向新成员国开放劳动力市场浅析

内容提要劳动力市场的一体化是欧盟经济、社会一体化的重要组成部分,劳动力的跨国自由流动则是欧盟所追求的要素四大自由流动之一。随着欧盟的两次东扩,由于担心新成员国巨大的经济、社会差距带来对本国劳动力市场的冲击,老成员国依据各自的情况和判断,采取了限制或开放的不同态度。本文在介绍欧盟老成员国家各自态度的同时,归纳总结其成因,并分析了欧盟老成员国向新成员国开放劳动力市场已经和可能形成的影响。     

试论欧洲一体化与欧洲民族的多样性

自1952年欧洲煤钢共同体成立以来,欧洲一体化经历了一个由小到大、不断深化和巩固的过程.但是,一体化的进程从一开始就受到了各种因素的制约,其中民旋多样性因素始终贯穿其中.因此,欧盟各成员国需通过认同、和平协商等手段积极解决由民族多样性带来的阻碍.     

欧盟成员国银行业政策主要特点分析

本文认为欧盟《第二银行指令》全面推动了欧盟各成员国银行业规制协调,可将成员国近20年以来的银行业政策主要特点归纳为四个方面,即全面放松管制、私有化、鼓励银行并购和对外扩张,金融监管体制一体化。这些政策促进了各成员国银行业竞争和快速发展,提高了欧盟银行业效率和盈利,有助于降低消费者和企业的融资成本,提高欧盟银行业整体抗风险能力。     

海峡西岸经济区的梯度推进与区域整合

区域经济一体化:欧盟经验对海峡西岸经济区启示20世纪九十年代以来,随着区域经济一体化步伐的加快,各种区域经济组织不断涌现。目前,向WTO通报并已生效中的自由贸易区就达122个,区域贸易安排已达305个,其贸易额已超过世界贸易总额的一半。由于各成员国资源禀赋、发展水平、目标要求的差异,区域经济一体化也存在着不同的组织形式。一般按照成员国经济联合的程度或共同调节、干预的深度,区域经济一体化的     

论国家主权的演进与流变--从欧盟法与成员国法关系的角度

传统的国家主权观念认为,国家主权不受限制、不能转让,但欧洲一体化的实践突破了这一观念,出现了主权转让现象。文章考察了欧盟法律与成员国国内法的关系,指出欧洲一体化内主权的转让具有自主自愿性、循序渐进性和民主制衡性等特点。这些特点决定了主权转让的可行性和可持续性。欧盟法与成员国国内法关系的实践,为在全球化背景下如何坚持国家主权原则提供了新的思路。     

National and international market integration in the 19th century: Evidence from comovement

This paper analyzes relative wheat price fluctuations to investigate market integration among 72 European and US cities. Applying a Dynamic Factor Model, which has seldom been used in market integration analysis, prices are decomposed into international, national and local components. Thus, national and international market integration are identified by a statistical restriction, and results for each single market are obtained. The first result is that globalization has accelerated faster in the first than in the second half of the 19th century, putting the post-1850 transport revolution into perspective. The USA integrated only later into the European market, discounting the role of the “grain invasion” for trade history. I also show that the European nations that turned protectionist after 1880 reduced the impact of foreign shocks, while free traders fully integrated into the international economy.     

Infrastructure Bond Markets Development in Asia: Challenges and Solutions

To sustain economic growth momentum, Asia needs to continue investing heavily in infrastructure such as roads, ports, and power plants. Financing the region’s huge demand for infrastructure investments is an essential issue for policy-makers across the region. Against the backdrop of expanding fiscal burdens of Asian governments and more stringent capital requirements on bank lending, local currency bonds can serve as an alternative for infrastructure financing in Asia. In this paper, we use empirical analysis to identify the major determinants of infrastructure bond market development. Evidence indicates that an economy’s size is positively related to infrastructure bond market development. Furthermore, we find that Project Bond Initiative, a European Union initiative, contributed significantly to infrastructure development in Europe. The implication for Asian policy-makers is that deepening regional integration of Asian bond markets would help Asian economies to reach an efficient economic scale to foster infrastructure bond market and policy measures in the forms of credit enhancement would facilitate issuance of infrastructure bonds.     

Integration in European coal markets, 1833–1913†

This article analyses coal market integration in Europe over the long nineteenth century. The market integration of coal, a key commodity associated with the industrial revolution, is an aspect of European economic history that has received little attention. The literature on the evolution of markets has concentrated on agricultural products, mostly cereals. This article examines intra- and international market integration in the principal coal-producing countries, Britain, Germany, France, and Belgium; and adds three main consuming southern European countries to the analysis of the international market. It provides new evidence on prices, as well as trade, and uses a straightforward approach to address coal price behaviour. Despite shocks, clear trends toward integration in both domestic and international markets can be observed, even if by one of our measures the latter started at a later date. Processes of market integration, however, seemed to slow from the end of the nineteenth century. Explanations are offered as to the causes of the extent and timing of integrations: reductions, mainly, in transportation costs, but also in information costs, and, in the international market, protectionism. The influence of cartels, on the other hand, may have been limited, particularly in the international market.     

European integration and corporate restructuring: the strategy of Unilever,c.1957–c.19901

European integration and corporate restructuring: the strategy of Unilever, c.1957‐c.1990. While much has been written about the politics of European integration, discussion about the role of business in this process has been largely confined to lobbying activities. This article focuses on the business reaction to European integration. It highlights the constraints facing one of Europe's largest firms in building a regional detergents business. These included divergences in market demand and political obstacles to rationalization, but more serious was a corporate culture based around local decision making and consensus. The study demonstrates that a full understanding of the European integration process must incorporate a firm‐level analysis of how Europe‐wide businesses were built after 1957.     

欧洲资本自由流动的黄金时代之开端——评欧洲法院有关黄金股机制案例法对资本市场的影响

黄金股制度系进行国有企业私有化改革之产物,目前在欧洲正面临着来自欧盟的干预。欧洲法院在审理英国、葡萄牙、西班牙、法国和比利时有关黄金股制度的案件中,宣布黄金股机制对欧洲共同市场中资本自由流动构成障碍,必须严格控制其例外之适用。它预示着资本自由化的黄金时代正在欧盟内开始。     

Lessons for Asia?: European experiences—in American perspective—in legitimizing market integration

The European Union has reached a deeper level of market integration than any other region. In many ways its success parallels the integration of national-level markets, particularly in the broadly similar continental project of the United States. This paper asks whether the EU and US cases hold any lessons for the pursuit of market integration in East Asia, and reaches two positive conclusions. First, the two Atlantic continental markets display a common content of institutions and policies that helped generate broad legitimacy for market integration. Secondly, while there is wide debate over the historical mechanisms that produced successful “embedded” market integration in the EU and the US, several of these mechanisms may be reproducible in East Asia.     

中欧贸易流量影响因素与作用机制的实证分析

随着欧洲经济一体化的深化与扩大,中欧贸易取得了快速发展。欧洲内部大市场的建成和完善不仅会影响成员国的生产与贸易,也将影响中欧贸易。本文从欧盟成员国的生产和贸易结构调整入手,在引力模型框架下使用面板协整技术,就欧洲经济一体化对中欧贸易的影响程度与作用机制进行研究。结果显示:从长期来看,贸易效应、生产效应、经济规模及汇率因素对均衡的中欧贸易流量有不同程度的影响;短期在生产效应和贸易效应的共同作用下,中欧贸易顺差有扩大趋势。     

Financial market integration, stock markets and exchange rate dynamics in Eastern Europe

International capital flows in a system of flexible exchange rates will affect stock market dynamics and stock market developments should affect capital flows and the exchange rate respectively. In this analysis, four accession countries have been considered in order to examine any potential links between nominal stock market index and nominal exchange rate. For this purpose, monthly data were used. The cointegration concept was employed for testing long-term links and the VAR approach for short-term links. Finally, Granger causality tests were employed for the determination of the exogenous and endogenous variables. The results show that significant links exist between the stock market index and the foreign exchange rate for three countries, where for Poland, both long-term and short-term links exist. The other key aspect considered in this analysis is the stock market integration in Eastern European countries. Our analysis shows that the integration of the stock markets in Eastern European countries seems to be rather week except for the Hungarian stock market. This means that only the Hungarian stock market is integrated. A standard regression analysis reveals that the Hungarian market exhibits a strong co-movement with the benchmark market, i.e. the German stock market. Furthermore, there is a clear-cut result with respect to the dynamic of stock market synchronization. The degree of synchronization increased particularly in the period 2005–2008.     

The Link between Institutional and Economic Integration: Insights for Latin America from the European Experience

The European experience illustrates that institutional integration interacts with economic integration at the regional level. In this paper we ask how economic and institutional integration are linked and whether there is a causal link between the two. We present an original indicator of institutional integration and study how it developed vis-à-vis diverse measures of economic integration. In particular, we ask what insights can be drawn from the European process of regional integration, which started in the 1950s, for regional integration in Latin America today. We find that Latin America is currently less economically integrated not only than the European Union today, but for certain economic variables even than the European Union in the 1960s. A VAR analysis illustrates that the link between institutional and economic integration has worked both ways throughout the European experience. There is also evidence that stronger institutional integration has indeed led to deeper economic integration.