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1.
Variety,growth and demand 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Pier Paolo Saviotti 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):119-142
A dynamic model of demand compatible with a changing composition of the economic system is presented in this paper. Consumers
are not expected to have completely formed preferences for radically new objects of consumption. Consumers adopt new goods
or services ,created by innovation, only if three barriers are overcome: 1) a critical (minimum) level of income, 2) critical
human capital, 3) critical fitness. However, even a new good or service with a fitness higher than that of pre-existing ones,
will not be immediately adopted. Consumers'.limited knowledge will slow down the rate of adoption of any new good or service. 相似文献
2.
Brian J. Loasby 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):7-21
Formal rationality plays a limited role in human cognition, which originated in the creation of patterns to interpret phenomena
and link phenomena with action. The creation of new patterns rests on imagination, not logic, typically stimulated by a perceived
inadequacy in established patterns. Internal routines of the brain and external institutions form structures of cognitive
capital; the institutions of markets, including money prices, aid the development of consumption capital, which simplifies
most choices and provides scope for selective experiment and innovation in creating goods. Such innovation depends on differences
between individuals and changes in their circumstances. 相似文献
3.
Optimal freeware quality in the presence of network externalities: an evolutionary game theoretical approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
New software products often face difficulty in achieving market penetration. A potential remedy is to offer a freeware version
of the software to encourage initial adoption and establish a larger user base for the software, thereby increasing the commercial
version's value to adopters in future periods. However, to avoid complete cannibalization of the commercial version, the freeware
version's quality must be sufficiently low and the price of the commercial version must not be too high. We model the effect
of these two decision variables, price and freeware quality, on the adoption of software using static and evolutionary game
theory. 相似文献
4.
G.M. Peter Swann 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):59-75
This paper studies the demand for a distinction good – the prestige car – and examines how this demand for distinction influences
the evolution of the product. We focus on two very different sorts of distinction car: the Rolls Royce and the Ferrari. These
two examples help us to articulate two polar approaches to the demand for distinction: distinction through antiquity and distinction
through novelty. The paper sets out a model of the demand for distinction, and uses it to describe two trajectories along
which the prestige car – and the demand for it – may evolve. 相似文献
5.
Richard Baron Jacques Durieu Hans Haller Philippe Solal 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(5):563-575
We consider best response dynamics with endogenous noise based on a finite game in strategic form. A player can reduce the
noise level by expending an extra effort and incurring some disutility or control costs. We specify control costs that result
in logit adjustment rules. The stochastically stable states of the dynamic process are partial Nash configurations, that is,
states where at least one player plays a best response against the others. If the game has a potential, then the stochastically
stable states coincide with the Nash equilibria on which the potential is maximized.
RID="*"
ID="*" Instructive comments of a referee are gratefully acknowledged.
Correspondence to:H. Haller 相似文献
6.
A resource-based view of Schumpeterian economic dynamics 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
John A. Mathews 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):29-54
This paper seeks to offer a theoretical platform where the modern “resource-based view” of the firm might meet with evolutionary
economics and the study of entrepreneurship, and with the economics of industrial organization. It does so by proposing the
concept of the “resource economy” within which productive resources are produced and exchanged between firms. This is presented
as the dual of the mainstream goods and services economy – where the “resource economy” captures the dynamic capital structure
of the economy. The paper is concerned to bring out the distinctive principles governing resource dynamics in the resource
economy, capturing competitive dynamics in such categories as resource creation, replication, propagation, exchange and leverage;
evolutionary dynamics in terms of resource variation, selection and retention; entrepreneurial dynamics in terms of resource
recombination and resource imitation, transfer and substitution; and industrial organizational dynamics in terms of resource
configuration, resource complementarities and resource trajectories. 相似文献
7.
Mark Tomlinson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1999,9(4):431-451
This paper examines the `learning economy' from the perspective of occupational characteristics and changes in the British
labour market between 1980 and 1992. Following a discussion of the learning and knowledge economy, cross-sectional employment
data are analysed to ascertain which occupations can be classified as knowledge-based. Longitudinal career history data are
then used to trace the flows of these `knowledge workers' over time. Sectoral shifts are examined, with a particular focus
on the knowledge-intensive service sectors. The data come from the Employment in Britain survey: a large-scale employee survey from 1992. The approach used allows us to measure somewhat intangible aspects of economic
behaviour such as learning and tacit knowledge and attempt to trace their flows. Shifts in knowledge from the manufacturing
to the service sector are shown to be important and related to previous work which demonstrated the importance of knowledge
intensive business services for both output and productivity in manufacturing. 相似文献
8.
Esben Sloth Andersen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):143-164
This paper presents the problem of satiation of consumption and technology in relation to a model of evolutionary endogenous
growth. The model represents an attempt to provide an evolutionary economic micro foundation to Pasinetti's scheme of the
structural economic dynamics of an economy that is based on only labour and knowledge. The micro foundation is based on a
set of rules that makes endogenous the demand coefficients, the labour coefficients, and the number of available sectors.
Through process innovations firms increase their productivities with respect to individual goods, but a growth slowdown takes
place unless the benefits from specialisation are exploited at still higher levels. Another cause for slowdown is related
to an Engelian hierarchy of goods. As the standard of living grows, existing sectors and consumption goods satiate, so new
sectors need to be provided by product innovations in a sufficient pace to keep up with the labour that is displaced from
old sectors. 相似文献
9.
Paul J. Zak 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):343-365
Recent biomedical research shows that roughly three-quarters of cognitive abilities are attributable to genetics and family
environment. This paper presents a growth model that characterizes the role of the intergenerational transmission of genes
and the effect of family environment on growth trajectories. If the average human or physical capital stocks are sufficiently
low, the model shows that the economy will be caught in a poverty trap. Conversely, countries with more resources will converge
to a bala nced growth path where the average rate of genetic transmission of skills from parents to children determines the
long-run rate of output growth. Increased genetic diversity (or income inequality) is shown to raise the fertility rate and
reduce output growth in the transitional dynamics. Thus, nature and nurture are able to explain a variety of countries' growth
experiences. 相似文献
10.
An evolutionary model of the size distribution of firms 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Fariba Hashemi 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):507-521
An analytical study of the evolution of the distribution of firm size in an industry is presented. A drift-diffusion model
is proposed to express the time-evolution of density of firm size within the industry. The model blends the conventional,
more or less static, determinants with the kinds of dynamic considerations introduced by stochastic processes of evolutionary
dynamics. The steady-state distribution as well as the dynamic behavior of the model are derived. Parameters in the resulting
analytical expressions are then fit to a population of firms in the non-manufacturing service sector. The empirical portion
of the paper validates the proposed evolutionary model. 相似文献
11.
Amartya Lahiri 《Economic Theory》2001,17(1):197-208
Summary. The paper presents a human capital driven endogenous growth model which, in general, permits a multiplicity of equilibrium
balanced growth paths. It is shown that allowing for perfect capital mobility across countries increases the range of parameter values for which the model permits equilibrium indeterminacy. As opposed to the closed capital markets
case, simple restrictions on preferences are no longer sufficient to eliminate the indeterminacy. Intuitively, under perfect
capital mobility agents are able to smooth consumption completely. This induces an economy with open capital markets to behave
like a closed economy with linear preferences thereby increasing the possibility of equilibrium indeterminacy.
Received: 18 November 1998; revised version: 10 August 1999 相似文献
12.
Michael Peneder 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):107-134
To make intangibles more ‘tangible’ for empirical analysis, statistical cluster techniques are applied in the development
of two new taxonomies of manufacturing industries. The first focuses on the distinction between exogenous, location dependent
comparative cost advantages, such as the relative abundance of capital or labour, and endogenously created firm specific advantages
resulting from intangible investments in marketing or innovation. The second taxonomy discriminates between industries according
to their employment of skilled labour. Finally, econometric tests are used to investigate the presumed complementarity between
intangible investments and human resources. 相似文献
13.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献
14.
Peter Wynarczyk 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):329-341
The paper explores the contributions of Joseph Schumpeter and Albert Hirschman to our understanding of the dynamics of modern
democratic capitalist economies and suggests that much of their respective work displays intellectual overlap and complementarity.
It is primarily focused upon the role of economic and political processes as forces of change and adjustment and the necessary
degree of built-in inertia required to permit orderly rather than chaotic responses. 相似文献
15.
Barriers to knowledge spillovers and regional convergence in an evolutionary model 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
This paper will present a multi-region/multi-country model in which inter-regional knowledge spillovers determine the growth
of regions. Key parameters in the model are the learning capability of a region and the rate of knowledge generation (R&D).
The intensity of spillovers depends on geographical distance between regions. The model is investigated by means of simulation
techniques. What results is a core-periphery situation, the exact form of which depends on the assumed spatial structure.
The impact of economic integration is investigated by introducing barriers-to-knowledge-spillovers in the model in the form
of borders between countries. Contrary to the popular belief and some economic theories, we find that removing such spillover
barriers may result in larger disparity of income levels between regions. 相似文献
16.
Jean-Pierre Aubin 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):95-124
Socio-economic networks, neural networks and genetic networks describe collective phenomena through constraints relating
actions of several actors, coalitions of these actors and multilinear connectionist operators acting on the set of actions
of each coalition. We provide a class of control systems governing the evolution of actions, coalitions and multilinear connectionist
operators under which the architecture of the network remains viable. The controls are the “viability multipliers” of the
“resource space” in which the constraints are defined. They are involved as “tensor products” of the actions of the coalitions
and the viability multiplier, allowing us to encapsulate in this dynamical and multilinear framework the concept of Hebbian
learning rules in neural networks in the form of “multi-Hebbian” dynamics in the evolution of connectionist operators. They
are also involved in the evolution of coalitions through the “cost” of the constraints under the viability multiplier regarded
as a price. 相似文献
17.
Should government subsidize R&D and does it matter how these subsidies are allocated? We examine these questions in a dynamic
model where R&D is described as sequential sampling from a distribution of new ideas. Successful discoveries affect future
available resources and incentives for further R&D. Consequently, there may be under-investment in R&D. We study the effect
of government interventions aimed at fostering growth through R&D. Calibrating the model with aggregate data from the Israeli
business sector allows us to quantitatively compare two forms of support resembling those actually used to encourage R&D in
the Israeli business sector: (i) an unrestricted subsidy that may be used at the recipients' discretion to finance R&D or
other investments, (ii) a subsidy earmarked by the government for R&D activities only. While there is no theoretical way to
determine which of the two subsidies will have a greater impact on search for new ideas and growth, we find that in the calibrated
economy both subsidies have a significant but similar impact on the economy's output and TFP growth rates. Accordingly, in
the case of the Israeli business sector, the incentives to conduct R&D were sufficiently strong, and no R&D-specific encouragement
was needed. However, a sensitivity analysis reveals that for economies characterized by other parameter values this result
may not be true.
Correspondence to: B. Bental 相似文献
18.
Ulrich Witt 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):77-94
Economic policy making is discussed from three different angles: the political economy of actual policy making (“what policy
does do”), the analysis of policy instruments for given ends (“what policy could do”), and the debate on policy goals and
their legitimization (“what policy ought to do”). Center stage in the evolutionary perspective is new, positive and normative
knowledge which is unfolding during the policy making process and in its aftermath. It is argued that this implies regularities
and constraints which extend and modify the comparative-static interpretations of public choice theory, economic policy making
theory, and social philosophy.
RID="*"
ID="*" The author should like to thank three anonymous referees of this journal and the editor for helpful comments on an
earlier version of the paper. 相似文献
19.
Evolutionary economics and economic geography 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
This article attempts to explore how key notions from Evolutionary Economics, such as selection, path-dependency, chance and increasing returns, may be applied to two key topics in Economic Geography. The first issue is the problem of how to specify the (potential)
impact of the spatial environment on new variety in terms of technological change. Evolutionary thinking may be useful to
describe and explain: (1) the process of localized `collective' learning in a regional context, (2) the adjustment problems
that regions may be confronted with in a world of increasing variation, and (3) the spatial formation of newly emerging industries
as an evolutionary process, in which the spatial connotation of increasing returns (that is, agglomeration economies) may result in a spatial lock-in. The second issue is the problem of how new variety may affect the long-term evolution of the spatial system. We distinguish
three approaches that, each in a different way, apply evolutionary notions to the nature of spatial evolution. This is strongly
related to the issue whether mechanisms of chance and increasing returns, rather than selection and path-dependency, lay at the root of the spatial evolution of new technology. 相似文献
20.
Sung Jin Kang 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(4):425-441
Controlling for capital accumulation from per capita income growth, this paper shows robust scale effects on total factor
productivity growth. The estimated speeds of technology catching up are around 2 percent per year. In addition, the empirical
analysis confirms the catching up theory, in which the initial relative backwardness and policy variables conducive to technology
adoption are statistically significant.
RID="*"
ID="*" This is a revised part of Ph.D. thesis at Stanford University. I would like to thank the committee members, Charles
I. Jones, Anne O. Krueger, and Paul Romer as well as Ronald Findlay, Ronald I. Mckinnon, Yasuyuki Sawada, Robert Sinclair,
a referee and seminar participants at Stanford University, the Pacific Rim Allied Economic Organizations Conference, the East
Asian Economic Association Conference, and the 8th World Congress. 相似文献