The Impact and Targeting of Social Infrastructure Investments: Lessons from the Nicaraguan Social Fund

The benefit incidence and impact of projects financed by theNicaraguan Emergency Social Investment Fund are investigatedusing a sample of beneficiaries, a national household survey,and two distinct comparison groups. The first group is constructedon the basis of geographic proximity between similar facilitiesand their corresponding communities; the second is drawn fromthe national Living Standards Measurement Study survey sampleusing propensity score matching techniques. The analysis findsthat the social fund investments in latrines, schools, and healthposts are targeted to poor communities and households, whereasthose in sewerage are targeted to the better-off. Investmentsin water systems are poverty-neutral. Education investmentshave a positive, significant impact on school outcomes regardlessof the comparison group used. The results of health investmentsare less clear. Using one comparison group, the analysis findsthat use of health clinics increased as a result of the investments;using both, it finds higher use of clinics for children underage six with diarrhea. With neither comparison group does itfind improvements in health outcomes. Social fund investmentsin water and sanitation improve access to services but haveno effect on health outcomes.     

全球基础设施投资基金研究：投资者偏好和委托代理问题

基于2005年1月至2019年6月间公开发售的2246支来自全球的基建基金数据,本文研究基建基金投资者偏好和委托代理问题。研究结果表明:投资者偏好客户忠诚度较高、投资于国际市场、团队管理型的基建基金;在基建基金公司层面,投资者存在跟风投资行为,且随着信息不透明度和收益不确定性加剧;投资者与基金管理人存在委托代理问题,体现为基金费率与预期业绩不匹配。该现象源于基金管理人利用投资者较高的预期收益设置费率,可以由基金特征因素和年份效应解释,尤其是投资于国际市场、收益分配或非团队管理等特征。本文结论对创新基础设施融资模式、稳定资金来源和微观审慎监管具有重要借鉴意义。     

我国财政支出对宏观经济的影响——基于"巴罗法则"的视角

本文从“巴罗法则”的视角考察了我国财政支出对宏观经济的影响。经验证据表明,迫切需要对我国的财政支出进行结构性调整,应提高政府消费占GDP的比重,降低财政投资占GDP的比重,并提高财政投资的效率。财政政策的这一调整能够促进经济增长。     

Social Security and Private Transfers in Developing Countries: The Case of Peru

Do social security systems "crowd out" private transfers fromyounger to older generations? This question has generated muchtheoretical discussion, but little empirical work exists toconfirm or refute this crowding-out hypothesis. We investigatethe connection between social security and private transfersin Peru, using the Peruvian Living Standards Survey, and findthat private transfers from young to old would have been nearly20 percent higher without social security benefits. This indicatesthat the Peruvian social security system is less effective atdelivering benefits to the elderly than a simple assignmentof government expenditures would suggest. Social security'sdisplacement of private transfers, while significant, is lessthan that predicted by models with widespread altruistic transfers.     

跨行政区划就近调拨发行基金的实践与思考

本文结合广西跨行政区划就近调拨发行基金试点工作取得的一些进展情况和积极效应,从形成完善、成熟的跨行政区划就近调拨发行基金工作机制的角度,对全面推进广西跨行政区划就近调拨发行基金工作、充分发挥跨行政区划就近调拨发行基金工作在确保现金供应中的作用,提出了统筹兼顾、科学调度、加强协作等对策.     

The Impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds on Corporate Value and Performance

The last few years have seen a remarkable increase in the participation of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in global capital markets. In this article, the author draws on a unique dataset of SWF international holdings—one that dates back to the year 2002 and includes individual SWF holdings in more than 8,000 companies in 58 countries—to provide evidence of the impact of SWFs on corporate values and operating performance. Contrary to claims that SWFs expropriate minority investors and pursue political agendas, the main finding of the author's study is that SWF ownership is associated with positive changes in both corporate market values and operating returns. In support of these findings, the author also identifies three important ways that SWFs work to increase the performance and value of the companies they invest in: (1) as long‐term holders that provide a stable source of financing; (2) as representatives of deep pools of international capital in search of global diversification opportunities that are likely to provide companies with a lower‐cost (as well as more “patient”) source of equity capital; and (3) as politically well‐connected strategic investors that enable their companies to leverage important connections when accessing new product markets.     

税费对美国共同基金的影响

由于税费因素，税前收益高的基金并不意味着税后收益同样高。因此，共同基金投资在面对税费因素的情况下，更应关注税后收益而非税前收益；同时，基金管理人应追求为投资提供税后收益最大化。     

Formula Based Allocation of Public Funds: The Case of Higher Education Research Funding

Formula funding models can be used to achieve broad objectives while maintaining the recipients' autonomy to take decisions. In order to avoid the transfers becoming a complex web of specific grants, formula funding models can incorporate a 'veil of ignorance' which permits the recipient to spend the resources on a different pattern from the one on which they were 'earned'. The Research Selectivity Exercise, operated by the Higher Education Funding Council for England is one such model. This article analyses the use of formula funding to shed light on whether the outcome reflects national policy objectives.     

现代投资组合新视角:对冲基金配置的理论与实证研究

本文在分析传统的投资对冲基金组合架构存在不足的基础上,提出了新的资产组合构架模型,并从理论上论证了对冲基金为何不是一个纯粹超额收益的制造者而更多是一个风险溢价的提供者以及将对冲基金与传统资产有机整合到一起的好处。然后用Cornish—Fisher伸展式对新的资产组合进行分析,证明了新架构的合理性,并用欧美市场的数据进行实证检验。本研究为对冲基金投资者提供了新的操作范式。     

Governance and Funds Allocation in United States Medical Research Charities

We examine boards of directors of medical research charities and find that medical charities spend less on program activities and more on fund-raising when the executive director of the charity serves on the board of directors, especially when the board is small. Executive salaries are also higher at charities where management is represented on the board. Management and general expenses and fund balances are, however, unrelated either to the presence of an insider on the board or to the size of the board.     

内部资金转移定价体系对银行业务经营单位的影响

随着我国金融行业的快速发展,国内商业银行的经营理念和管理手段正发生着深刻的变化。为进一步提高经营管理水平、变原有粗放式发展为精细化管理,诸多商业银行已经或正准备引入和推行FTP体系。整个行业对FTP的研究也不断深入,然而,绝大部分研究文章都把目光聚焦在商业银行总行层面,对其下属业务经营单位（如分行）层面的关注较少。本文试从业务经营单位（以分行为例）角度出发,阐述FTP体系对业务经营单位经营的影响,并提出相关建议。     

The Impact of Corporate Governance on Closed‐end Funds

This study uses a large sample of UK‐listed closed‐end funds to examine whether governance has an impact on two indicators of fund performance: the level of fund‐management fees and the discount at which a fund trades. Fees are under the control of the directors, and we find that they are inversely related to fund returns, even after allowing for differences across investment sectors. Fees are, on average, higher if a fund has a large board, few directors from outside the fund‐family, many directors from within the fund‐family, and low ownership by the management company. Discounts for funds are wider if the management company or any blockholder has a significant long‐term stake, suggesting that investors are wary of entrenched management. The results suggest that boards are frequently compromised in their duty to shareholders by their dependence on fund‐management companies.     

积极配置型基金积极组合管理能力研究

本文通过积极投资评价指标研究我国不同评级的20只积极配置型基金在2007年12月31日至2010年12月31日的积极组合管理能力。通过对研究结果进行比较分析和单因素方差分析,本文得出以下结论：我国的积极配置型基金有较强的积极组合管理能力,但会受到市场波动的影响。投资者可以通过市场反转或震荡时基金的表现,进一步地判断其积极组合管理能力。     

政府引导基金对地区经济发展及溢出效应的影响分析

依据中国282个城市2006-2018年政府引导基金、风险投资、发明专利以及城市经济的相关数据进行匹配,运用空间杜宾模型(SDM),实证检验政府引导基金对地区经济增长、风险投资活动以及创新产出的影响.结果表明:政府引导基金可以显著促进本地经济增长、风险投资以及创新活动的发展;但周边地区政府引导基金的成立与增加会对本地经济增长和风险投资活动产生挤出效应;周边地区政府引导基金负向的间接效应削弱了本地政府引导基金正向的直接效应,造成政府引导基金对地区经济增长和风险投资活动总效应的显著性下降.结论对平衡地区间政府引导基金的竞争关系,加强国家对政府引导基金的监管与协调发展具有重要意义.     

农村社会保险基金筹集渠道探索

国家必须为农民提供社会保险，为农民提供社会保险的困难在于国家财政资金紧张和广大农民生活不充裕。本认为：国家只要合理利用多种渠道筹集社会保险基金，完全有能力为农民提供最基本的社会保险待遇。     

金融危机对拉美国家私营养老金的影响及经验启示

2008年爆发的金融危机对全球经济产生了重要影响,也对拉美国家私营养老金制度的发展产生了巨大冲击。文章介绍了拉美国家私营养老金制度的改革路径和养老基金概况,从养老金资产价值、投资收益率、投资组合、雇员、制度覆盖面和缴费密度方面切入,分析了金融危机对拉美私营养老金制度的影响。在现状分析的基础上,得出了要保障私营养老金制度可持续运行的一些经验启示:构建多元化的混合型养老金体系,增强退休和养老金支付的灵活性,积极运用生命周期投资策略,实施多元化和分散化投资,以养老金长期收益作为投资目标,建立社会风险应急储备基金和政府担保机制,以及加强员工退休教育。     

The Effects of Social Spending on Economic Activity: Empirical Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries*

The aim of this paper is to assess the short‐term effects of social spending on economic activity. Using a panel of OECD countries from 1980 to 2005, the results show that social spending has expansionary effects on GDP. In particular, we find that an increase of 1 per cent in social spending increases GDP by about 0.1 percentage points, which, given the share of social spending in GDP, corresponds to a multiplier of about 0.6. The effect is similar to that of total government spending, and it is larger in periods of severe downturns. Among spending subcategories, social spending on health and on unemployment benefits have the greatest effects. Social spending also positively affects private consumption, while it has negligible effects on investment. The empirical results are economically and statistically significant, and robust.     

外汇占款对货币供给影响的实证分析

通过对外汇占款变化和货币供应增长之间关系的实证分析发现：外汇占款对广义贷币和储备货币均有非常显著的正向影响;外汇占款主要通过影响基础货币来影响总体贷币供给;汇率制度改革放大了外汇占款对储备货币的影响,近年来外汇占款已经成为国内流动性的重要来源。建议积极促进国际收支平衡,加大对境外资金流八的监管力度,保持人民币对美元汇率基本稳定,以避免因外汇占款增长过快而导致国内流动性过剩。     

Internal Funds Allocation and the Ownership Structure: Evidence from Korean Business Groups

We examine the relationship between the controlling shareholder’s cash flow rights and the funds transfer in the internal capital market within Korean business groups (chaebols) during the period from 1998 to 2001. We find that the funds allocation in the firms where controlling shareholders have high cash flow rights is better aligned with the investment opportunities and therefore, more efficient than in the firms where they have low cash flow rights. This effect is stronger when they have controlling powers large enough to expropriate minority shareholders. However, during the financial crisis period, funds simply move toward the firms where controlling shareholders have high cash flow rights. The results evidence the tunneling behavior in the internal capital market within a chaebol that the ownership structure distorts the allocation of internal funds in such a way as to benefit the controlling shareholders.JEL Classification: G31, G30     

Implications of Internal Funds Surplus for Determining Agency Spending of SEO Proceeds and Timing Incentives

According to the pecking order theory, firms with potential investment projects should raise external capital if and only if sufficient internal funds are not available. The theory can be violated if equity issuers are motivated by market timing and increasing funds for insiders’ benefits, indicating that firms may already have internal funds surplus without including external funds, but still issue equity. By controlling for future funds needs, the analyses show that issuers that engage in market timing and spend the SEO proceeds on value-destroying projects are strongly associated with their internal funds surplus. Moreover, SEO announcement returns are lower for issuers with internal funds surplus. This pattern strongly supports the predictive ability of internal funds surplus to detect the need for external capital and ultimately to determine timing incentives and agency spending of SEO proceeds.