Creating a Bigger Bath Using the Deferred Tax Valuation Allowance

Abstract:  The provisions of SFAS No. 109 allow US companies to make an earnings big bath even bigger through the establishment of a deferred tax valuation allowance. At the time a firm recognizes a non-cash charge, it also recognizes a deferred tax asset to represent the future tax benefits of the charge. Recognition of the deferred tax asset partially mitigates the negative earnings impact of the special charge. However, if the firm does not expect to have sufficient future taxable income to utilize the future tax benefits of the charge, SFAS No. 109 requires the firm to establish a deferred tax valuation allowance, effectively eliminating the recognized deferred tax asset. Thus, the establishment of the valuation allowance amplifies the negative earnings impact of the non-cash charge. We use a valuation allowance prediction model to identify firms that create a larger-than-expected valuation allowance; these firms may be creating a large valuation allowance as a reserve to be used to manage earnings in a subsequent period. We find that the vast majority of these larger-than-expected valuation allowances apparently reflect informed management pessimism about the future in that these firms actually do have poorer operating performance in subsequent periods. We do not find any evidence that subsequent reversals of valuation allowances are used to turn a loss into a profit. However, we do find a very small number of firms that appear to have used a valuation allowance reversal to meet or beat the mean analyst forecast.     

资产基础法下递延所得税评估处理初探

《企业会计准则2006》实施后,评估师在采用资产基础法对企业价值进行评估时,时常面临对递延所得税资产或递延所得税负债进行处理的问题。本文从以下三个方面对此问题进行讨论：一是递延所得税资产、递延所得税负债能否以账面值列入评估结论;二是评估中如果要确认递延所得税资产、递延所得税负债应注意的问题;三是递延所得税资产、递延所得税负债评估处理方式的选择。     

Stock Market Valuation of Deferred Tax Assets: Evidence from Internet Firms

Abstract:   We use the provisions of SFAS No. 109 , Accounting for Income Taxes , to examine the extent to which stock prices of Internet firms were associated with expectations of future profitability before versus after the 'market correction' in early 2000. We find that the valuation of deferred tax assets of firms with business models reliant on the level of web site traffic was significantly greater after the market correction. In our view, this evidence is consistent with pre‐correction mispricing.     

Discussion of: “On the Aggregation and Valuation of Deferred Taxes”

Review of Accounting Studies -     

有效预警上市公司违规的递延所得税异动指标和人工智能模型

2000-2017年,3434家A股上市公司样本中的47.79%至少有一次违规记录,每年平均有17%的公司违规,而监管机构平均需要2.7年查证并通告违规行为。我们用当年数据构建递延所得税异动指标,可有效预判违规,并发现监管机构未能识别这一指标的警示作用,实际激励了违规公司通过操纵递延所得税提高财务指标以规避稽查。进一步构建决策树模型,对违规事件实现样本外精准判别。本文揭示了A股公司大面积违规而稽查过程冗长迟缓这一重要现象,并分析了违规机制,指出了所得税数据在稽查违规中可以发挥的预警作用,为监管者和投资者提供有效预警上市公司违规行为的新指标和方法。     

The Aggregation and Valuation of Deferred Taxes

Review of Accounting Studies - This paper clarifies some of the conflicting arguments about the value relevance of deferred taxes. We address two questions. First, does accounting aggregation hold,...     

有效预警上市公司违规的递延所得税异动指标和人工智能模型

2000-2017年,3434家A股上市公司样本中的47.79%至少有一次违规记录,每年平均有17%的公司违规,而监管机构平均需要2.7年查证并通告违规行为。我们用当年数据构建递延所得税异动指标,可有效预判违规,并发现监管机构未能识别这一指标的警示作用,实际激励了违规公司通过操纵递延所得税提高财务指标以规避稽查。进一步构建决策树模型,对违规事件实现样本外精准判别。本文揭示了A股公司大面积违规而稽查过程冗长迟缓这一重要现象,并分析了违规机制,指出了所得税数据在稽查违规中可以发挥的预警作用,为监管者和投资者提供有效预警上市公司违规行为的新指标和方法。     

递延所得税费用的简单化理解

新<企业会计准则>要求所得税采用资产负债表债务法进行核算,在这种情况下,正确理解递延所得税资产和递延所得税负债两个科目,有利于理解递延所得税费用及所得税会计的核算.     

资产评估与所得税

文章说明了所得税与资产评估的关系及其在评估实务中的处理.文章认为在资产评估中可以将所得税划分为成本所得税、经营所得税、交易所得税三种所得税类型.文章认为采用租金收益法评估房地产价值时普遍不考虑所得税的扣除,是需要解决的一个问题.     

改革评估收费管理 创造行业发展新环境

资产评估行业在我国发展至今整整二十年的历程。回顾二十年不平凡的历程,中国资产评估在以服务国有资产改革为主要目标中诞生,发展到全方位为市场经济服务的重要估价工具,这个过程．既有快速发展的辉煌,也有探索跋涉的艰辛。短短二十年中,随着政府对资产评估管理方式的调整和社会对资产评估需求多元化扩展,中国资产评估无论是从功能与定位,还是技术标准与执业准则体系,都发生了巨大的变化。中国资产评估人越来越清晰地看到,     

The Recognition and Timing of Deferred Tax Liabilities

Abstract:   This paper examines the characteristics of firms that account for deferred tax liabilities related to government investment grants under an extended adoption timing period. Not only the recognition but also the timing decision is associated with changes in future performance and changes in the debt structure. Recognisers outperform non‐recognisers in the future, while early recognition is related to post recognition performance but only for those firms that currently perform well. Changes in the balance sheet structure are also related to both decisions. Firms with recent increases in the debt level tend to postpone recognition, while currently well‐performing firms that increase their future debt level are less likely to recognise deferred taxes.     

Valuation of the Debt Tax Shield

In this study, we use cross–sectional regressions to estimate the value of the debt tax shield. Recognizing that debt is correlated with the value of operations along nontax dimensions, we estimate reverse regressions in which we regress future profitability on firm value and debt rather than regressing firm value on debt and profitability. Reversing the regressions mitigates bias and facilitates the use of market information to control for differences in risk and expected growth. Our estimated value for the debt tax shield is approximately 40 percent (10 percent) of debt balances (firm value), net of the personal tax disadvantage of debt.     

The 'New' Deferred Tax: a Comment on AARF Discussion Paper No. 22 'Accounting for Income Tax'

Discussion Paper No. 22 Accounting for Income Tax (DP 22), issued by the Australian Accounting Research Foundation, represents significant change through its advocacy of a "balance sheet" rather than the currently prescribed "income statement" approach for the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities. This paper clarifies the differences between the two methods and illustrates their effects on financial statements. It evaluates DP 22's arguments in favour of the balance-sheet approach and provides some guidance on the "usefulness" of deferred tax numbers. The paper concludes that the logical inconsistencies in DP 22, coupled with the available evidence on income-tax allocation, suggest that we should be cautious in making changes to current reporting requirements.     

损益表债务法与资产负债表债务法的比较

根据2006年2月财政部颁布的《企业会计准则i″i所得税》的规定,所得税的会计处理要求采用资产负债表债务法。本文主要从会计所得和应税所得之间的差异出发对损益表债务法和资产负债表债务法进行了一系列的比较,并阐述了自己的结论。     

增值税转型及机器设备评估实务的探讨

一．增值税税收体系的变化 为推进增值税制度完善,促进国民经济平稳较快发展,国务院决定,自2009年1月1日起,在全国实施增值税转型改革,发布了《财政部国家税务总局关于全国实施增值税转型改革若干问题的通知》（财税[2008]170号）,同时颁布了《暂行条例》和《细则》。显然,2009年1月1日起开始实施条例和细则后,增值税从“生产型”转变为“消费型”。     

The Valuation of Deferred Taxation: Evidence from the UK Partial Provision Approach

The UK provides a virtually unique environment in which to examine the information content of the partial provision approach to deferred tax accounting. In addition this issue is of particular interest to UK accounting standard setters in the light of trends towards international accounting standard harmonisation. Taking the total amount of deferred taxation to be equal to the partial balance sheet provision plus the potential portion appearing in the notes, this study tests the relationship between these various deferred tax components and market value. It also examines the economic rationale for the potential portion. The study is based on 1,512 company/years from the period 1989–1991. It finds that, while the full amount of deferred taxation is not valued by the market as a liability, there is evidence of the partial balance sheet provision being so valued. There is also evidence that the potential portion is positively related to market value, consistent with its proxying for information about future growth. This result is supported by the positive relation between the potential portion and measures of future capital spending, indicative of an underlying economic rationale for this deferred taxation component. From a regulatory perspective, the study concludes that the main benefit of the partial provision approach is that the balance sheet amount constitutes a reasonably reliable measure of the portion likely to crystallise as a liability, information that would be lost were only the full amount to be disclosed.     

A Reconsideration of Tax Shield Valuation

A quarter‐century ago, Miles and Ezzell (1980) solved the valuation problem of a firm that follows a constant leverage ratio L = D/S. However, to this day, the proper discounting of free cash flows and the computation of WACC are often misunderstood by scholars and practitioners alike. For example, it is common for textbooks and fairness opinions to discount free cash flows at WACC with beta input β _S = [1 + (1 ? τ)L]β_u, although the latter is not consistent with the assumption of constant leverage. This confusion extends to the valuation of tax shields and the proper implementation of adjusted present value procedures. In this paper, we derive a general result on the value of tax shields, obtain the correct value of tax shields for perpetuities, and state the correct valuation formulas for arbitrary cash flows under a constant leverage financial policy.     

个人所得税免税额是否应该调整及其相关问题分析

随着由政府包揽的福利制度的改革和基本生活必须品价格的上涨，国民基本生活资源的费用有了较大增加，因此个人所得税免税额应向上调整。免税额的调整与国民基本生活资源费用的变动有直接对应关系，与个人所得税总额变动存在不确定关系，它有上调不一定会使个人所得税总额下降。     

企业价值评估中企业所得税相关问题探讨

本文作者试图说明企业价值评估应当全面考虑企业所得税特别是评估增值的企业所得税对企业价值的影响,并对采用资产基础法和收益法评估企业价值时,如何考虑企业所得税的影响作了初步的探讨。     

The Financial Crisis and the Value‐relevance of Recognised Deferred Tax Assets

The objective of this study is to consider if the value‐relevance of recognised deferred tax assets, which often represent unused tax losses, was affected by the financial crisis. A regression analysis of a sample of Australian and United Kingdom firms reveals that the value‐relevance of recognised deferred tax assets was affected by the financial crisis. However, the impact of the financial crisis differed between the sample countries. The study shows that a plausible explanation for this difference might be found in the tax law of the two countries. Findings of this paper will be of interest to regulators and standard setters, as they highlight how interaction between accounting requirements and tax law affects the relevance of accounting and tax information.