加快推进中俄经贸高质量发展:基于产业链构建视角

高质量发展不仅成为中国经济发展的航标,也是中国对外经贸关系发展的行动指南。但从中俄两国经贸发展的现实来看,双边贸易规模波动比较大、贸易结构欠优、中间产品贸易占比低等问题均与经贸高质量发展要求不符。究其原因,缺乏产业对接与合作是制约中俄两国经贸高质量发展的关键因素。本文以中俄能源合作为例,以"能源+通道+市场"模式,搭建"俄罗斯主导、中国嵌入,中俄共同主导、相互嵌入,中国主导、俄罗斯嵌入"的产业链,实现上中下游全产业链合作,夯实两国贸易发展的产业基础,促进贸易与产业的互动发展,以产业链构建加快推进中俄两国经贸高质量发展。     

From exploiting to investing: A survey of us firms doing business in russia

US companies have been accused by the Russian media of flooding the Russian markets with their exports, repatriating their revenues or using them to buy Russian resources cheaply, and, as a result, increasing Russia's unemployment and decreasing its standard of living. Russia, argue many Russian experts interviewed in the past several years, is being badly exploited and its culture cheapened with Western candy, which in 1994 took $5 billion from consumers in Russia. On the other hand, US companies, which have been entering the Russian market in increasing numbers, argue that exporting products and services to Russia enhances the satisfaction of Russian consumers and contributes to the country's economy. They further say that as they become more familiar and comfortable with the Russian market, they change their strategies and increase their investment in Russia. Are US companies exploiting Russia or investing in its economic expansion? In this study the author investigated the entry strategies to Russia of 87 large US companies starting in 1989. These were randomly selected corporations, including a cross-section of consumer goods, industrial goods, computers, oil and gas, fast food, and consulting companies. What emerged was a captivating, historical drama, which changes rapidly from making money through exporting to Russia, to commitment through investment in plants and employment. For example, while the most popular entry doors to Russia have been exportlimport and joint ventures, most strategy changes since 1989 have been to wholly-owned subsidiaries, which usually require substantial investment. Yesterday's Snickers Bars exporter, Mars Candy, created a wholly-owned subsidiary, Masterfoods, and spent $70 million to build a chocolate and pet food factory that employs many Russians. In addition, a greater number of US companies entered the Russian market after the 1992 Yeltsin economic shock therapy and had a much needed stabilizing effect on the Russian economy. So, what may have been perceived as a one-sided relationship has been evolving to growth and mutual commitment. And as the Russian economy continues to grow, these companies will grow and prosper, too. Executives who are interested in the Russian market are advised that this market is real, growing, and worth considering. To enter and grow in this market, however, executives are cautioned that business deals in Russia must be structured in unfamiliar ways, and that they must employ local workers and respect Russia's culture and history. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Different paths to economic reform in Russia and China: causes and consequences

Economic reform in Russia has been described as ‘shock therapy’ because rapid industrial privatization, price liberalization and democratic reforms of the political system were introduced simultaneously. However, shock therapy led to insider control of most manufacturing firms, with important consequences for foreign investment. In contrast, China’s ‘gradualist’ reforms, without privatization or significant democratization, facilitated foreign joint ventures as the dominant means of reforming State-owned enterprises incrementally. This paper proposes an explanation for these contrasting reform paths in Russia and China and then traces their consequences for inward foreign domestic investment (FDI), exporting and for corporate governance in the short and long term. The impact of national level policies on enterprises is demonstrated in a matched pair of cases in Russia and China. Conclusions are drawn for policy, for practice and for future research.     

东北地区资源型城市产业结构升级的战略效应

基于产业结构锁定效应理论,东北地区资源型城市“凤凰涅槃”式产业转型和“腾笼换鸟”式产业转移是实现产业结构升级的有效路径,本文使用PSM-DID方法对东北地区资源型城市的产业结构升级效应进行检验。研究结果表明:东北振兴战略对资源型城市产业转型和产业转移产生了显著的负向影响;东北振兴战略可以通过经济发展、人力资本、工业化、政府规模等影响资源型城市产业转型和产业转移;东北振兴战略既表现出一定的地区异质性,也表现出一定的分类异质性,促进了衰退型和再生型城市产业转移,阻碍了成熟型城市产业转型。因此,应提升资源型城市人力资本水平,突破资源型产业锁定效应,因地制宜地制定产业政策,分类引导资源型城市转型。     

中俄工业制品产业内贸易研究

近年来中国对俄罗斯出口的商品结构发生了重大变化,工业制品比重不断上升。本文应用产业内贸易指数和贸易竞争力指数,对1996-2006年中俄工业制品的产业内贸易状况进行分析,得出初步结论:在中国对俄罗斯工业制品贸易中,既有产业内贸易,又有产业间贸易,但仍以产业间贸易为主,产业内贸易处于发展初始阶段,水平亟待提升。中国应充分利用中俄得天独厚的自然地缘优势,挖掘这一地缘优势所蕴含的产业内贸易潜力,从而促进中俄贸易的长远发展。     

农民工市民化对经济增长的影响研究

加快以农民工市民化为核心的城市化进程,有利于为我国第三产业发展积累人力资本,有利于我国产业结构的转型升级,更有利于拉动内需,进而推动我国经济的均衡可持续发展。我国农民工群体数量巨大,虽然他们被统计为城市居民,但由于消费模式单一、水平低下,与城市本地居民生活有非常大的差别。我国应加快提升农村地区教育水平,着力解决农民工人力资本积累严重不足问题;尽快打破城乡二元结构,让农民工享受城市居民同样的社会保障,解决他们的后顾之忧。为加快农民工转型和我国产业结构的转型升级创造条件。     

中国东北和俄罗斯远东两地产能合作的现状、问题及对策--基于“一带一路”倡议

在"一带一路"倡议下,中国东北地区和俄罗斯远东地区在基础设施、能源、制造业以及农业等领域开展了广泛的合作。然而,中俄双方对产能合作准备不足且缺乏有效的互信机制,加上俄罗斯远东地区基础设施落后、制度环境较差,使得双方产能合作成效有限。双方必须尽快构建合作共赢机制,建立产能合作共同体,加速推进双方产业结构升级,为中国东北地区和俄罗斯远东地区产能深度合作夯实基础。     

中国西部地区贸易模式转型与产业结构升级——以甘肃省为例

开放经济条件下的贸易模式与产业结构之间存在着以比较优势原则为基础的互动转型关系.由于西部地区在贸易模式转型与产业结构升级问题上具有很多共性,本文在分析甘肃省进出口贸易模式与产业结构升级之间存在的问题基础上,重新构建了有利于拉动产业结构升级的目标贸易模式,提出了促进西部地区进出口贸易模式转型的路径选择与具体措施.     

从中俄边境贸易看“伞”型模式的可行性

中俄区域合作＂伞＂型模式的框架和具体内容都是紧紧围绕着中俄两国的优势提出的。与以往的区域合作模式不同,＂伞＂型模式强调技术贸易的重要作用;关注以中俄双方的互补优势为基础而创造出的新优势,着力打造中俄互利共赢的新局面。从边境贸易的视角,在传统贸易理论、新地理经济学、后发优势理论方面对＂伞＂型模式的可行性进行了分析;同时,对＂伞＂型模式可行性的现实条件进行了研究,指出＂伞＂型模式可以有效解决边境贸易发展的瓶颈问题;中俄货物贸易是发展＂伞＂型模式的基础;技术贸易能从更高的层面发展＂伞＂型模式;服务贸易能促进＂伞＂型模式更好地发挥作用。积极的政策环境是＂伞＂型模式顺利实施的保障;而获得共同的经济利益则是推动＂伞＂型模式顺利实施的微观动力。     

Occupational propensity for training in a late industrial society: evidence from Russia

What factors best explain the low incidence of skills training in a late industrial society like Russia? This research undertakes a multilevel analysis of the role of occupational structure in the probability of training. The explanatory power of occupation‐specific determinants and skills polarization are evaluated, using a representative 2012 sample from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Applying a two‐level Bayesian logistic regression model, we show that the incidence of training in Russia is significantly contextualized within the structure of occupations and the inequalities between them. The study shows that extremely high wage gaps within managerial class jobs can discourage training, an unusual finding. Markets accumulating interchangeable and disposable labour best explain the low incidence of training: workers within generic labour are less likely to develop their skills formally, except in urban markets. Although we did not find strong evidence of skills polarization, Russians are yet to live in a knowledge economy.     

互联网平台应用对产业结构转型的影响研究：内在机理与实证检验

文章在数理模型分析基础上，基于2013-2019年中国省级面板数据，考察了互联网平台应用对产业结构转型的作用机制，力图说明互联网平台是一种能够驱动产业结构转型的新型市场制度安排。文章概要分析了相关文献，构建了理论模型，通过对互联网平台应用影响产业结构转型的实证检验，得出以下研究结论：(1)互联网平台应用会显著提升产业结构高级化与合理化水平，能有效推动产业结构转型；(2)互联网平台应用对产业结构转型存在地区和市场化程度异质性影响；(3)互联网平台应用可以通过增强技术创新能力和纠正资源错配促进产业结构转型，但未能通过促进消费升级推动产业结构转型。这些研究结论在一定程度上揭示了互联网平台应用与产业结构转型之间的内在关联，或许可为中国经济实现高质量发展提供一条分析路径。     

中俄边境贸易发展的学理性研究——以黑龙江省与俄罗斯的贸易合作为例

中俄边境贸易是中俄两国经贸关系的重要组成部分,黑龙江省与俄罗斯的贸易合作不仅对黑龙江省经济发展具有不可替代的重要作用,同时在中俄贸易中也占有举足轻重的地位。从生产要素的自由流动、比较优势、资源、产业的互补性、竞争性以及对经济发展的拉动作用等视角,运用经济学的基本原理分析双方的贸易规模、贸易结构、贸易差额、贸易效应,在互利共赢的基础上巩固双方的传统贸易优势,优化进出口商品结构,促进以技术贸易为先导的产业合作,实现贸易对本区域经济发展的拉动作用。     

探究第三产业占比对人力资本积累的影响--基于我国2005年-2011年省级面板数据的实证检验

我国正处于产业结构转型的关键时期,一二产业逐渐向第三产业转移。以往研究大多落脚于人力资本对产业结构的影响,而忽略了由于产业转型带来的对高技术人才的需求推动了人力资本的积累。作者认为,产业结构的优化将有助于人力资本的积累,同时,文化消费、教育投入等因素也会影响到人力资本。本文使用2005-2011年,我国31个省份的面板数据,建立了多元线性回归模型,运用工具变量的方法,以金融发展状况作为第三产业占比的工具变量,进行实证研究。在控制了年份和省份的固定效应后,我们发现第三产业占比对人均人力资本有显著的正向影响,产业结构向第三产业转移有利于人力资本积累。在此基础上,我们提出了若干建议来推动产业结构的优化。     

江苏省开发区转型发展研究

开发区及其转型发展在江苏经济发展中具有重要作用。江苏省开发区转型发展既受外力驱动,又面临着内在的种种制约。在新背景下江苏省开发区转型应该是一次经济、社会、环境全方位的转变,涉及现代产业体系构建、经济增长方式转变、城乡统筹、管理体制改革等多方面的内容。     

推进我国产业结构转换与升级问题研究

目前,我国产业结构转换与升级存在着农业基础不稳,第二产业内部结构不合理,第三产业发展总量不足,产业组织结构不合理,自主创新能力差,资源消耗偏高等问题,造成这种状况的原因包括产业转换缺乏强有力的需求和资金支持,资源短缺和产业发展之间存在着矛盾,产业转换和升级的动力不足等。为此,要加强产业发展规划,提高自主创新能力,加快基础产业和基础设施建设,用高科技改装传统产业,加快第三产业的发展。     

关于黑龙江省发展对俄贸易的对策探讨

在东北老工业基地振兴过程中,黑龙江省对俄贸易的优势有所弱化。新时期,为加快发展对俄贸易,黑龙江省必须从实际出发,重新定位自己的优势和不足。文章就如何促进黑龙江省与俄罗斯经贸科技战略合作升级提出政策性建议。     

The returns to training in Russia: a difference‐in‐differences analysis

The experience of developed countries – particularly member‐states of the OECD – has shown that employers are actively investing in developing the human capital of their employees. According to research conducted by the World Bank, more than half of the companies in developed countries provide their employees with training in one form or another. There is, however, reason to believe that the situation is quite different in Russia. Some studies have shown that the level of investment in training in Russia is much lower. This difference can be explained by the fact that employers do not see the point in such investment because it is much easier to lure employees with the required qualifications than to train their own staff. Moreover, Russia faces a problem with high employee mobility, meaning that companies are not sure that they will get a return on their investment. Given these circumstances, the present study examines whether investments in human capital in Russia are profitable. It investigates the wage return to job‐related training using a difference‐in‐differences estimator to control for unmeasured differences in ability and measured differences in past wages as a proxy for ability and motivation. Estimates use panel data from The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics from 2004 to 2011. As predicted, positive returns to training are identified and the returns increase absolutely with the level of past wages.     

杭州产业集群技术创新模式研究

我国地方产业集群大多都属于传统产业集群,正面临着转型升级的巨大压力,技术创新是突破地方产业集群发展瓶颈的关键。本文主要探讨了标准化战略下轮轴式产业集群和马歇尔式产业集群的技术创新模式,论述了不同类型的产业集群在技术创新过程中标准化的作用。由于产业集群类型的不同,集群创新所采取的模式也不尽相同。地方产业集群应根据自身条件,合理地选择符合自身类型的技术创新模式。     

Entrepreneurship in the Soviet Union and post-Socialist Russia

This article advances the understanding of the present and future of Russian entrepreneurship. Based on secondary information published in the West and in contemporary Russia, empirical research and personal interviews, general characteristics of Russian entrepreneurship within different controversial periods that occurred during different periods of this country's history are presented. Also discussed are the influences of ethnic and religious minorities and foreign businesses on entrepreneurship development as well as the relatively low social status of the entrepreneur. The vitality of entrepreneurial response is discussed in terms of recent events in post-Socialist Russia including the transformation of its economy and society and its integration into the global market. In so doing, the article presents the latest trends in entrepreneurship in the country as well as a profile of the Russian entrepreneur.     

Performance Effects of Technological Dynamism: Private vs. State Enterprises in Russia

How has the privatization-led economic transition transformed Russian firms? Prior to recent economic recession caused by Western sanctions, Russia’s economic performance has been impressive, yet little is known about its micro-level sources. Particularly, while macro-level data suggests a positive effect of privatization, such effect is seldom substantiated at firm-level in Russia. To take a step towards opening the black box, we investigated the performance effect of technology dynamism in Russian firms and the extent to which ownership mattered with regards to the technology dynamism-performance link. Our survey data shows that performance is driven by IT adoption, entrepreneurial orientation, and technological turbulence in Russian firms and that the positive effects of technological turbulence are stronger for private than for state-owned Russian firms. According to our results, Russian private enterprises appear more capable of buffering and gaining from technological turmoil, suggesting that the most significant outcome of organizational transformation in Russia is the firms enhanced capability in managing external environmental dynamism.