The Long-run Effects of the Italian Pension Reforms

The paper analysesthe reforms of the Italian mandatory pension scheme for employeeslegislated in the 1990s. To assess the effects of the reforms,a microsimulation model calibrated on cross-section data is developed.The model is aimed at estimating the average income of a memberof a cohort, as well as the average per capita income of allindividuals alive in a given year. The long-run effects of thereform are analysed, comparing the characteristics of alternativefinancing schemes. A substantial improvement of the equity aswell as the long-run sustainability of the Italian public pensionschemes emerges. However, the dreary demographic scenario callsfor further tightening of eligibility rules sometime in the nextdecades if long-run sustainability of public debt is to be achieved.On the basis of sensitivity analysis, some changes aimed at hedgingthe system against unexpected shocks are suggested.     

从宁波近十年的经济发展看金融对经济增长的促进作用

金融发展主要是指通过利率和汇率杠杆,刺激储蓄和投资,并提高资金的使用效率,推动经济增长.本文首先分析了宁波金融发展对促进全市经济增长的重要作用.然后,指出了宁波市金融发展存在的问题:金融体系不够完善,实际融资渠道单一;资金配置效率不高,资金使用效益下降;金融服务产品不够丰富,业务创新能力不足;国有银行管理层次较多,组织结构有待优化等.最后,提出了相应的政策建议,包括:积极完善地方金融组织体系,提高金融服务水平;结合区域经济特点,加大金融创新力度;适应宁波经济发展需要,增加信贷有效投入;发展多层次证券市场,完善资本市场体系等.     

政府在应对巨灾风险中的角色定位

当今世界,巨灾事故频发,各国政府为应对巨灾风险相继建立了巨灾风险保障制度,但是这些制度在运营过程中出现了一些问题,使得政府的投入与预想的效果相差甚远.本文重点分析了政府在参与应对巨灾风险组建巨灾保障制度的过程中,常用手段的利弊及遭遇的问题,以此来探讨政府在对应巨灾风险中应确立的合适角色定位.     

The Role of Total Factor Productivity Growth in Middle-Income Countries

We examine the importance of total factor productivity (TFP) growth in middle-income countries (MICs) based on cross-country panel data for the period of 1975–2014. We find that TFP growth contributed significantly to a country’s upward transition from middle-income to high-income country group. The TFP growth model reveals that the catch-up effect, human capital, smaller population, weak currency, and research and development growth are significant sources of TFP growth. We do not find a systematic difference in the TFP growth models for MICs. In analyzing the role of factors influencing TFP growth at different income stages, strengthening innovative activities and building innovative capacities are important in overcoming the challenges that MICs face when transitioning to the high-income group. Governments of upper MICs need to initiate reform to motivate innovation by optimizing national R&D systems, and redesigning the educational system to target promoting innovation.     

我国税收结构与经济增长关系的实证检验

根据我国1985～2008年样本数据,利用多元线性回归模型对我国税收结构与经济增长的关系进行实证检验,结果表明:流转税、所得税(尤其是个人所得税)份额的增加有利于人均GDP的增长,财产税的经济效应尚未体现,宏观税负和赤字融资的增加已经抑制了人均GDP的增长。目前我国需要进一步完善税制,加强征收管理,提高所得税份额,减少债务融资规模。     

Trade and Growth in the New Member States: The Role of Global Value Chains

We analyze the determinants of value-added and productivity growth of New Member States in the period between 1995 and 2009. We show that in the analyzed countries, exports contributed to roughly 30% to over 40% of the overall growth of GDP while the contribution of the domestic component varied from negative to over 60%. We show that in the most important export manufacturing industries of the NMS, the growth in exported value added was substantial, while the growth of the domestic component of GDP was mostly due to the growth in services. We associate growth of sectoral productivity with the foreign direct investment and exporting but, more importantly, with the position of a sector/country in the global value chains. We show that sectors that have imported intermediate goods have experienced higher productivity growth. Moreover, faster productivity growth was found in sectors further away from the final demand and in sectors exporting intermediate goods.     

The Asset Growth Effect and Investor Protection in Emerging Markets: The Role of the Global Financial Crisis

The previous evidence shows that firms experience lower returns after a period with higher growth in assets. Two alternative explanations have been raised to explain this effect: mispricing and optimal investment. This study examines this effect in 26 emerging markets over the period of 2005–2013 with a special attention to the recent global financial crisis. We find a stronger asset growth effect during the crisis years relative to other years. This effect is stronger in firms with small or medium stock turnover ratio and firms operating in industries with low R&D intensity. We also investigate the heterogeneity across countries and find that a stronger asset growth effect during the crisis years exists only for emerging markets with low protection of shareholders and creditors. We argue that this evidence is in line with the mispricing hypothesis.     

人口预期寿命与经济增长关系的研究评述

随着人口经济学理论的发展和OLG模型的不断拓展,关于预期寿命与经济增长关系的理论研究与实证分析逐渐深入。由于研究视角、理论模型以及样本数据等方面的不同,学者们关于两者关系的观点存在较大差异。本文梳理了部分国外当前主要相关文献,认为目前关于预期寿命作用于经济增长的观点可以归纳为:人口预期寿命上升提高人力资本回报率和储蓄率,进而促进经济增长;人口预期寿命上升将导致人口增长,进而降低人均GDP增长;人口预期寿命与经济增长存在非线性关系,非线性特征取决于人口结构转型、初始预期寿命等因素。     

Conservatism, Growth and the Role of Accounting Numbers in the Fundamental Analysis Process

I evaluate the effects of conservative accounting for research and development (R&D) and past growth in R&D on: (1) the relation between aggregate earnings (deflated by price) and contemporaneous stock return, and (2) the association between estimates of value derived from the residual income valuation model (i.e., RIV estimates) and equity market value. I show that the conservative treatment of R&D affects the earnings/return relation only for firms that experience high growth in R&D during the return interval of interest. I also demonstrate that the effect of conservative accounting for R&D on the association between RIV estimates and equity market values is increasing in past growth in R&D.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

我国外汇储备增长与人民币升值关系的实证分析

本文利用我国2005年7月-2007年6月的月度数据,通过协整分析、误差修正模型和格兰杰因果检验对外汇储备增长与人民币升值之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明,汇率形成机制改革对于释放两者之间弹性,维持缓和的、相互促进的长期稳定均衡关系起到显著的效果,继续稳步推进人民币汇率市场化改革将是明智之举。     

论技术创新驱动经济发展效率决定的国家经济状态

从技术创新与进步促进投资效率的角度,建立一个经济增长与技术进步相互促进的微分方程组模型,求解后可以得到持续经济增长以及低、中、高收入陷阱的产生条件。结果表明：对于研发效率、研发投入占国民收入的比重以及研发成果驱动经济效率较高的国家,其经济更容易实现持续增长;而对于无法满足持续增长条件的国家,其国民收入存在理论的最大值,这意味着其经济发展最终将会陷入停滞并陷入对应的经济增长陷阱。     

中国省域经济增长质量测度及其收敛性分析

从经济增长的结构、稳定性、福利变化与成果分配、资源环境代价等4个维度构建中国经济增长质量综合评价指标体系,并采用熵权综合指数法测度了2000~2012年中国30个省域的经济增长质量指数。并采用 PS 收敛模型就中国省域经济增长质量的收敛性及其动态转移路径进行系统分析。研究结果表明：我国省域经济增长质量整体水平呈上升趋势,且整体上不存在收敛性,但是存在5个收敛俱乐部,且各收敛俱乐部经济增长质量的变化趋势及其相对转移路径存在显著差异。     

陕西省人口城镇化与就业增长之间的关系研究--基于VAR模型的实证检验

陕西省人口城镇化发展水平与就业增长之间是否存在真实的影响关系,人口城镇化发展水平是否构成就业增长波动的动因？如果人口城镇化水平能促进就业增长,那么促进过程在长短期又具有表现出什么特性？基于此,本文采用1978年-2012年的样本数据,运用协整理论、误差修正模型和VAR模型实证检验陕西省就业增长与人口城镇化水平之间的真实影响关系,从而提出针对性措施以促进陕西就业增长与人口城镇化的包容性发展。     

Discussion of “Conservatism, Growth and the Role of Accounting Numbers in Fundamental Analysis Process”

This paper discusses Monahan’s empirical study of how conservative accounting of R&D affects the relations (i) between earnings and stock return; (ii) between estimates of value using the residual income valuation model and equity market value. My discussion focuses on the underlying mechanism of why growth matters and how the growth rate should be measured. In particular, I argue that different aspects of growth (e.g., short-term growth versus long-term growth) matter under different circumstances, depending on the intended use of accounting data. Failure to adjust for these differences affects the effectiveness of the empirical tests. The discussion also considers the impacts of potential noise in the R&D capitalization procedure and the presence of other intangible assets.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

我国金融发展与经济增长关系的区域差异分析——兼论分税制改革对金融发展与经济增长关系的影响

本文利用1979-2003年的省级面板数据，将我国分为东、中、西三大区域，考察了金融发展对经济增长的影响，结果表明：把国有商业银行贷款占GDP的比例作为金融发展的衡量指标对三大地区人均GDP均具有显著的正相关性，金融发展促进经济增长的理论在我国同样成立；但金融发展与实体经济部门之间均不存在良性互动的关系，其对经济增长的贡献仅仅停留在增加资本积累上，对资本配置效率的改善作用不大；1994年的分税制改革对金融发展促进经济增长的作用造成了显著的负面影响。因此，我国的金融体制改革需要将金融体制改革、国有企业改革、财税体制改革和政府体制改革纳入同一个分析框架中进行。     

政府扶持与中小银行发展

本文旨在分析我国政府在中小银行发展中的作用定位问题。首先 ,在现代市场经济条件下 ,中小银行要想获得长足发展 ,必须在充分发挥市场机制基础性资源配置作用的前提下 ,有效发挥政府对市场机制的“拾遗补缺”作用 ,矫正“市场失灵” ;其次 ,我国正处于经济起飞阶段 ,要在短时间内实现经济的跨越式发展 ,就必须借助于政府的力量 ,作为市场竞争弱势群体的中小银行的发展迫切需要政府予以适当的扶持 ;第三 ,在由传统计划经济体制向市场经济体制转轨的过程中 ,中小银行在产权、管理等制度安排上处于不断深化的过程中 ,需要政府提供适宜的制度环境。     

中国财政改革与经济增长实践

基于内生增长理论分析改革开放后历次财政变革与经济增长关系,并利用协整与回归分析检验该关系.结果表明:中国财政与经济增长具有长期稳定关系;前期财政变革强调财政激励效应,为中国市场经济奠定了制度基础;后期财政变革强调稳态增长效应,这使中央财政需有稳定财源,以保证其外部性生产要素充分供给;相比于地方财政的收敛增长效应,中央财政体现出稳态增长效应.     

科学发展观着眼经济适度增长

宏观调控应以实现经济持续高增长为目标,要求经济增长必须是适度的,适度增长是实现持续高增长的唯一途径.中央经济工作会议提出2004年我国经济增长预期目标为7%左右,这一预期目标有利于引导各方面把主要精力放在经济增长的质量、效益上,有利于搞好宏观调控,从过去追求高速的经济增长调整为全面、协调和可持续的发展.     

The Role of Product-Level Dynamics in Export Growth and Productivity: Evidence from Estonia

Recent empirical studies of international trade have stressed that firm-level decisions about the number of export products or markets are an important margin of adjustment in response to globalization and changes in economic conditions. We investigate how decisions about the export product mix are associated with aggregate export dynamics and productivity of firms. We use detailed data on product and export market levels for the full population of Estonia's firms. Decomposition analysis of trade flows shows that both the relative importance of firms' beginning to export products and the role of product-level churning (firms' adding and dropping of products) in total Estonian export growth increases significantly after accession to the European Union in 2004. We show that concentration on core competence products has a rather different association with productivity of firms in different-size groups. Large firms with a large number of different types of export products gain, on average, in terms of productivity from concentrating their export sales on their core export products. There is no such general regularity in the case of small firms.     

我国金融发展与经济增长关系的区域差异分析——兼论分税制改革对金融发展与经济增长关系的影响

本文利用1979～2003年的省级面板数据,将我国分为东、中、西三大区域,考察了金融发展对经济增长的影响,结果表明:把国有商业银行贷款占GDP的比例作为金融发展的衡量指标对三大地区人均GDP均具有显著的正相关性,金融发展促进经济增长的理论在我国同样成立;但金融发展与实体经济部门之间均不存在良性互动的关系,其对经济增长的贡献仅仅停留在增加资本积累上,对资本配置效率的改善作用不大;1994年的分税制改革对金融发展促进经济增长的作用造成了显著的负面影响。因此,我国的金融体制改革需要将金融体制改革、国有企业改革、财税体制改革和政府体制改革纳入同一个分析框架中进行。