Sectoral Patterns of Interactive Learning: An Empirical Exploration of a Case in a Dutch Region

This paper pursues the development of a theoretical framework that explains interactive learning between innovator firms and external actors in both the knowledge infrastructure and the production chain. The research question is: What kinds of factors explain the interactive learning of innovator firms with distinct external actors? Our theoretical framework extends the resource-based perspective, which is predominant in network theory, with both an activity-based and a structural account of interactive learning. We contend basically that higher technological dynamics induce more complex innovative activities. But, more complex innovative activities increase the probability of internal resource deficits/shortages in the innovator firms. The lower the alignment of the innovative activities with the quality of the internal resource base, the higher the resource deficits/shortages and the more likely the search for complementary resources externally, which increases the likeliness of external relationships. In order to test the generality of our theoretical claims we analyse our models in four sectors with distinct technological dynamics as distinguished by Pavitt. For each sector we explore five models of the level of interactive learning of innovator firms with: (1) the public knowledge infrastructure (difficult to access, demands high internal competencies to utilize scientific knowledge), (2) the production chain (easy to access), (3) their users, (4) their suppliers, (5) their competitors. These analyses allow for a comparison between interactive learning with different external actors and give deeper insights into the differentiated interaction patterns involving innovation. Our findings show that patterns of interactive learning between sectors differ. Some are more resource based and others are more affected by the complexity of innovative activities. Particularly the patterns of interactive learning between, on the one hand, firms and the knowledge infrastructure, and on the other hand of firms with the production chain show important differences.     

Sectoral Selection and Informality: a Nicaraguan Case Study

Using microdata from the 1998 and 1993 Nicaraguan Living Standards Measurement Survey, this paper analyzes the relative size and attractiveness of formal and informal sector employment. Switching regression models of the formal/informal sector employment choice indicate that education across years and gender are the primary determinants of formal sector participation. Furthermore, the formal sector is characterized by positive selection. The results for the informal sector are less definitive, but are also suggestive of positive selection. These findings imply that the informal and formal sectors in Nicaragua contribute positively to the overall economy by attracting those individuals best suited for (in)formal sector employment.     

转型经济中农户储蓄行为:中国农村的实证研究

本文运用大样本农户家庭调查资料 ,对决定中国农户家庭储蓄行为的影响因素进行了探索 ,从实际出发构建了一个具有较好解释力 ,且能对各种类型的变量均有所考虑的储蓄模型。研究发现 :(a)流动性约束、预防性储蓄动机以及工业化等对储蓄率的上升贡献相当大 ,且为正值 ;(b)在解释区域间储蓄率的差异时 ,文化是一个相当重要的因素 ;(c)家庭生命周期的“∪”型分布假说被拒绝 ,相反的“∩”型分布被发现 ;(d)当家庭财富与储蓄率的相关关系表现为负时 ,持久收入假说也被拒绝。     

An Empirical Examination of Entry Patterns in Local Telephone Markets*

In this analysis we examine the market entry patterns of new local telephone companies. We construct and estimate a multinomial logit model using information describing numbering code distribution within local telephone markets and the associated income, density, and regulatory characteristics of these markets. Our findings support the conventional wisdom that facilities-based entry by new local competitors is more likely to occur in large urban telephone markets. In addition, we present evidence that, with the exception of territories served by Ameritech, entry is more likely to occur in Bell Operating Company service territories.     

An Empirical Assessment of Sovereign Country Risk in the Black Sea Region

Country risk is recognized as a key factor considered prior to undertaking cross-border economic activity such as an investment or a financial transaction. When the level of country risk is deemed low, commercial and other risks play a more important role in the assessment of the advisability to undertake a cross-border activity. In other cases, country risk levels are significant and may play a decisive role in the assessment of the cross-border activity. By its nature, country risk depends upon perceptions, and as a result both objective measurable factors and subjective issues need to be considered. This study investigates the factors that determine country risk as signalled by a commonly used proxy, the sovereign credit ratings assigned by the major rating agencies. To this end, panel data analysis has been used and applied to three heterogeneous country sub-groups, the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) countries, the EU-15, and the Central Europe and Baltic countries, for the period 2004–2013. The results generated suggest that three sets of variables: gross domestic product per capita, debt metrics, and institutional factors, play an instrumental role in explaining country risk across all the sub-groups. However, the individual results for each sub-group provide evidence that sovereign rating agencies focus on particular economic facets of each, and hence, take into account idiosyncratic aspects, structural as well as regional. Therefore, the study also examines those indicators that matter most or have a ‘specific gravity’ in determining sovereign ratings in each country-group, with a particular focus on the BSEC countries.     

环境管制与工业生产率增长：东部地区的实证研究

本文运用曼奎斯特—卢恩伯格生产率指数,测度了2000-2007年东部工业在考虑SO2和不考虑SO2排放情况下的效率、生产率增长及其成份的增长率,并且估计出了环境管制给企业带来的成本。结果发现：上海和广东处于生产前沿;考虑SO2排放后,生产率增长率下降;天津的生产率增长、技术效率增长率和技术进步率都最高,北京环境污染管制的成本最高;FD I投入、国有企业比重、资本劳动比、废气治理投资和环境管制成本对生产率增长都有显著影响。     

工业能源消耗碳排放行业差异研究——以河南省为例

通过对1999—2010年河南省工业行业能源消耗碳排放行业差异的分析,发现工业直接碳排放量呈逐年增加趋势,并没有随着经济发展而实现碳排放的"脱钩";采矿业能源消耗的直接碳排放量逐渐增长,已成为工业直接碳排放量快速增加的重要驱动行业,制造业和电力—燃气—水的生产和供应业直接碳排放的速度有减缓的趋势;工业行业间直接碳排放存在明显差异性,可以划分为直接碳排放量和直接碳排放强度都较高的高碳行业、直接碳排放量较大和直接碳排放强度较低的中碳行业、直接碳排放量和直接碳排放强度都较小的低碳行业以及直接碳排放量较小、直接碳排放强度较高的碳排放关注行业4种类型,并且河南省具有专业化优势和比较优势的行业大多集中在高碳部门。利用投入产出模型,计算了工业分行业的间接碳排放,发现产业部门关联效应所引发的间接碳排放不容忽视,并且在一些行业中占有较高比重。针对工业内部碳排放的行业差异性,应有效协调工业化进程与节能减排的关系,针对行业特性来制定减排政策。     

区域物流环境评价指标体系及其实证研究

本文从区域物流和区域物流系统理论入手，重点阐述区域物流体系的构成和评价指标；采用因子分析法，分析了全国具有代表性的12个城市的区域物流环境条件，并据此提出中西部地区发展区域物流的战略方向。     

新中国60年:一个村域(泰西)工农业互动发展的典型案例

江苏省太仓市泰西村是我国民族工业发祥地之一。新中国60年,特别是在改革开放新时期,泰西村域的工业化和现代农业插上了腾飞的翅膀。2008年,村域已拥有纺织、电子、五金等大小企业45家,80%的劳动力转移到以工业为主的非农产业就业。但在这样一个工业化的村域,现代农业仍加速发展,显现出农耕文明与工业文明同存共荣的和谐局面。该文试图通过总结一个村域工业化和现代农业互动发展的典型案例,折射新中国60年农村工业化和农业现代化的历史性成就,并尝试把工农业关系及其协调发展研究下沉到村域层面,探讨村域经济转型过程中的工业化、农业现代化以及村域工农业互动发展的关系和规律。     

Labour Market Regulations and the Sectoral Reallocation of Workers: The Case of Trade Reforms

In this paper I highlight the importance of incorporating the institutional features of local labour markets into the analysis of trade reforms. A trade reform is often deemed beneficial because the elimination of trade barriers allows labour to reallocate towards those sectors in the economy in which the country has a comparative advantage. The amount and speed of the reallocation, however, and the post-reform behaviour of output, productivity and welfare, will depend on how regulated the labour market is. First, I document that high firing costs slow down the intersectoral reallocation of labour after a trade reform. Second, in order to isolate the effect of firing costs on labour reallocation, output and welfare after a trade reform, I build a dynamic general equilibrium model. I find that if a country does not liberalize its labour market at the outset of its trade reform, the intersectoral reallocation of workers will be 30% slower, and as much as 30% of the gains in real output and labour productivity in the years following the trade reform will be lost. From a policy standpoint, the message is that while trade reforms are desirable, they need to be complemented by labour market reforms in order to be fully successful.     

Sectoral exports dynamics of Turkey: a panel co-integration analysis

This paper analyzes the role of unit labor costs and individual cost components in determining sectoral export dynamics and the change in the impact of these costs after the sequence of structural reforms in Turkey as of 2001. It employs a multivariate panel co-integration technique across 17 Turkish manufacturing sectors at different time periods. Results suggest that average elasticity changes not only between the time periods but also across the sectors. Cross-sectional elasticity differences are mostly attributable to the sectoral competitiveness and factor intensities.     

Sectoral systems of environmental innovation: An application to the French automotive industry

This article seeks to show how a sectoral system approach may contribute to the analysis of the determinants of environmental innovations. By using Malerba's [F. Malerba: Sectoral systems of innovation and production, Res. Policy Vol. 102, 845-859, (2002)] concept of sectoral system of innovation and production, we develop a sectoral framework based on three building blocks: technological regimes, demand conditions and environmental and innovation policy. Within this framework, the sectoral patterns of environmental innovation result from the interplay between these three blocks. The conceptual framework is applied to the case of the French automotive industry, with a specific focus on the development of low emission vehicles. The analysis shows how technological regime and demand conditions lead to technological inertia, and so to a strong persistence of the dominant design. Finally, environmental and innovative policy are considered in an integrated way, so that we can study how they influence technological regime and demand conditions, and in the meantime how they are conditioned by these two blocks.     

中国企业创业学习:维度与检验

文章基于创业学习的前沿文献,针对我国创业企业,利用Nvivo8.0分析软件,通过内容分析等质性研究提炼出与创业企业发展特点紧密相关的可操作的创业学习维度。在此基础上,文章采用访谈、问卷调查方法,通过系列定量研究对创业学习的测量量表进行了检验,以期对创业学习的实证研究做出有益的贡献。结果发现,创业学习可从创新思考、外部资源获取、信息共享、经验反思和战略试验五个维度进行构建,这对于目前经济状况下对企业进行创业创新指导具有重要意义。     

关于中部地区经济增长溢出效应的实证分析

作者利用区域间投入产出表的基本流量数据,采用Miuer-Round模型测算中部地区的区内乘数效应及其与国内各区域相互溢出效应.其结果显示,中部地区在国内各区域区际经济联系中获得溢出效应最大,它从国内其他区域获得的溢出效应显著地高于本区域对其他区域的溢出效应;中部地区与沿海地区相互之间具有较强的溢出效应,同时又是对西部地区溢出效应最大的区域,这表明中部地区的经济发展对促进东西部地区经济协调发展意义重大.     

户籍特征对城市劳动力市场状态的影响——以北京市为例

中国城市劳动力市场存在四种不同户籍特征的劳动力群体——本地非农业户籍、本地农业户籍、外地非农业户籍和外地农业户籍劳动力。根据对北京市2005年1%人口抽样调查数据的分析,发现在上述四种户籍特征的劳动适龄人口中,劳动参与率和就业率逐次上升,而失业率则逐次下降。进一步的经济计量分析发现,户籍特征对劳动适龄人口的市场状态具有显著影响,与本市非农业户籍相比,包括本市农业户籍、外地农业户籍、外地非农业户籍等在内的其他各种户籍特征都不易于使劳动适龄人口处于失业和退出劳动力市场状态,户籍身份的差异确实对劳动适龄人口的劳动力市场状态产生了显著影响。     

企业价值管理:企业管理模式的一种新探索

近几十年来 ,国外学术界和企业界在企业价值理论问题的研究上取得了一些重要成果 ,与传统的企业管理模式主要着力于企业的生产经营和利润最大化不同 ,以价值为基础的管理突出了企业价值在企业管理理念中的核心地位 ,立足于企业整体价值的提升 ,强调企业的外部市场价值与内在经济价值的统一。文章认为 ,企业价值管理是将企业战略结构与企业治理结构相连接的一种新型管理模式 ,是由价值评估、战略设计、战略设施和治理优化共同构成的理论体系。     

流动性与资产定价:基于我国股市资产换手率与预期收益的实证研究

流动性与资产定价是目前金融研究的热点之一 (O’Hara,2 0 0 3 )。本文通过检验交易频率零假设和交易成本备择假设 ,深入分析我国股市流动性与资产定价的理论与经验关系 ,发现 :我国股市存在显著的流动性溢价 ,换手率低、交易成本高且流动性小的资产具有较高的预期收益 ;产生流动性溢价的原因是交易成本而不是交易频率 ;与国外股市相似 ,小企业收益率高于大企业 ,价值股收益率高于成长股。因此 ,我国股市并非令人无法捉摸 ,流动性、规模和价值效应都是资产定价的因素     

内生比较优势演化——基于中国制造业的经验研究

文章构建了一个国际贸易动态分析框架将技术变迁和比较优势模式的动态演进同时内生化,说明了部门的干中学和国际知识外溢分别是比较优势模式演化呈固化性和流动性的主要动因。但是,内生比较优势在长期内是不断固化还是发生逆转最终是一个经验研究的问题。文章采用了马尔可夫链来考察中国制造业比较优势动态分布的固化性和流动性的程度,研究结果显示,中国制造业比较优势模式的演变具有固化性的特征。