论会计环境对会计发展的影响

本文论述了会计与会计环境的关系以及会计环境对会计的影响,指出了我国会计环境中存在的主要问题,提出了解决我国会计环境问题的主要对策,即建立现代企业会计制度;完善会计法律体系;提高会计从业人员素质。     

The Withdrawal of Current Cost Accounting in the United Kingdom: A Study of the Accounting Standards Committee

Evidence from the archives of the U.K. Accounting Standards Committee (ASC) is used to trace the events leading to the withdrawal of the current cost accounting standard, SSAP 16, from 1980 to 1988. Three central issues are addressed. First, the ASC's role as a regulatory body is considered in the light of the failure to obtain compliance with SSAP 16 and to find an acceptable replacement. Second, the decline in support for SSAP 16 is explained in terms of changes in the economic environment. Third, the roles of different interest groups in the process are analysed.     

新旧企业会计准则的金融衍生工具比较研究

财政部新颁布的企业会计准则虽然突显复杂性,但更接近国际惯例,同时也创新了金融会计思维,在实施中存在不少难点.     

Accounting for Accountability and Management in NPOs. A Comparative Study of Four Countries: Canada, the United Kingdom, the USA and Spain

Financial and non–financial information are developing issues in the NPO field. Countries such as Canada, the UK, the USA and Spain have recently updated their accounting systems for NPOs through the implementation of full accrual basis to enhance their accountability and the usefulness of accounting information for decision–making purposes. The information provided by accrual accounting will be incomplete until performance indicators are developed. The performance indicators are essential for making budgets, for planning and forecasting, for evaluating the financial needs, for carrying out benchmarking with other NPOs or governmental entities, and for explaining the welfare activities realised to donors.     

会计电算化后财务工作转向研究

信息技术的广泛应用,会计电算化的普及,对传统的会计核算模式及会计人员工作方式提出了新的挑战,在会计电算化应用面越来越广的情况下,现行财务会计如何适应转变日益紧迫,本文试图从基础工作、财会人员本身及财会工作内容三个方面如何适应新形式进行阐述,并提出相关的解决策略。     

资产负债观与所得税会计的改进

新会计准则已将资产负债观的收益核算理念全面渗透到所得税会计核算中。本文以所得税会计的理论基础为前提,在对资产负债观下所得税会计处理的基础上,详细论述了暂时性差异与递延所得税负债(或资产)的确认、计量和列示。     

Financial Accounting Reform in Flemish Universities: An Empirical Study of the Implementation

This paper presents an overview of the current accounting reform towards accrual accounting in Flemish universities. The focus is on the concept of the reformed accounting legislation and on the empirical outcomes of implementation based on an examination of annual accounts. An important issue is the unsuccessful mixing up of the traditional budgetary accounting system with the new financial accounting system. The empirical examination reveals a lot of accounting problems in the area of the reformed regulations as well as in the accounting practices and that the comparability of the annual reporting is not guaranteed even after years of experience.     

会计环境对企业会计准则执行效果的影响——基于应计质量的经验证据

本文旨在调查两个相互关联的问题:企业会计准则施行后财务报告应计质量是否发生了显著变化?这种变化是否与会计环境相关?我们采用经典的截面琼斯模型估计操控性应计利润,以其绝对值计量应计质量,利用2001~2009年7722个上市公司样本观察值进行了统计检验,发现企业会计准则施行后应计质量下降。在给定企业会计准则是一套高质量准则的前提下,我们进一步分析应计质量下降的原因。经验证据表明:在会计环境不同的地区,上市公司应计质量的变化存在系统性差异。这反映会计环境影响了企业会计准则的执行效果。     

Accounting Practices and the Market Valuation of Accounting Numbers: Evidence from Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand

This study examines the relation between stock prices and accounting earnings and book values in six Asian countries: Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand. The analysis is based on a residual earnings model that expresses the value of the firm in terms of book value and residual income. The model holds for any clean surplus accounting system. However, for finite time horizons, biased accounting may affect model estimates. The six countries examined in this study differ in faithfulness to clean surplus accounting as well as bias (conservatism). The study addresses two questions. First, are there systematic differences across countries in the value relevance of accounting, and are these differences related to accounting differences? Second, are there systematic differences in the incremental and relative information content of book value per share (BVPS) and abnormal (residual) earnings per share (REPS) across the countries, and are such differences related to accounting differences? We find differences across the six countries in the explanatory power of BVPS and REPS for firm values. Explanatory power for Taiwan and Malaysia is relatively low while that for Korea and the Philippines is relatively high. These differences are generally consistent with differences in accounting practice; however, since Korean accounting practice is strongly influenced by tax law, we did not expect the high association for Korea. Second, with respect to the incremental and relative explanatory power of BVPS and REPS, we find BVPS to have high explanatory power in the Philippines and Korea but little in Taiwan. In all six countries REPS has less explanatory power than BVPS in most years. Again, the evidence may be interpreted as suggesting accounting practice affects valuation (with Korea again as the exception). Finally, we provide evidence on the sensitivity of the timing of comparisons of stock prices and accounting values. We find that comparing prices at year-end (even though annual accounting information has not been released at that time), in general, provides the highest correlation between market and accounting numbers.     

Ownership Structure and Accounting Method Choice: A Study of European Real Estate Companies

Companies can under IAS 40 Investment Properties choose between the fair value and the cost models. The fair value model arguably results in more relevant information but is also more costly to use. Based on studies suggesting that financial reports are a more important medium for communication with investors if ownership is dispersed, we hypothesize that the use of the fair value model is positively associated with ownership dispersion. We study European Real Estate firms and find support for this prediction. We also find a positive association between trade of shares and ownership dispersion, supporting the view that financial statements are less important if ownership concentration is high. Finally, we examine whether the choice depends on the identity of large owners. Companies with a financial company as the largest owner are somewhat more likely to choose the fair value model. Overall, the results indicate that accounting rules facilitating optional accounting policies have benefits.     

2008年北京奥运会与北京租赁业发展前景研究

筹办北京奥运会的巨额资金需求为政府造成了直接的财政压力,借鉴国际经验必须采用"政府统筹、市场化运作"的操作模式.本文提出在筹办奥运会的过程中引入租赁这一新兴的投融资方式,使之通过相关行业,为奥运经济的三个阶段服务;并提出规范北京市租赁行业的对策建议.     

新保险会计准则征求意见稿对寿险企业利润计量的影响

本文分析并比较了财政部发布的《企业会计准则第X号保险合同(修订)(征求意见稿》与我国现行保险会计准则在利润披露与确认方面的差异。通过仿真模拟利润计量,发现征求意见稿下定期寿险合同的承保后期将会确认更多的利润贡献;合同服务边际对利润计量的平滑效应更加突出,尤其是对亏损计量的吸收作用将会显现;征求意见稿对手续费及佣金的规定会进一步平稳计量利润;收入口径的改变更符合寿险合同长期性的经济特质等。因此,建议我国寿险公司统一数据平台,衔接财务系统与精算系统;调整绩效考核指标、业务结构和产品策略;更加谨慎合理地进行产品定价测算;进一步加强保单的维护工作,为应对征求意见稿的实施做好充分准备。     

On the Determinants and Dynamics of Trade Credit Use: Empirical Evidence from Business Start‐ups

Abstract:   Business start‐ups provide an excellent opportunity for testing various hypotheses on why firms use trade credit. At the time of start‐up, failure risk and financial constraints are typically large. Also, start‐ups have no established relationships with banks and suppliers. The literature has related all these features to trade credit use. Moreover, as firms grow older, these characteristics become less pronounced, allowing us to test the dynamics of trade credit use. We find that start‐ups use more trade credit when financial constraints are large, when suppliers have a financing advantage over banks in financing high‐risk firms, when entrepreneurs value private benefits of control and when transaction costs are important. Furthermore, the dynamic implications of these theories are supported.     

A Possibilitarian History of Price Change Accounting in the UK: 1971-1985

This paper offers a 'possibilitarian' analysis of the history of price change accounting in the UK, exploring how events might have turned out differently at a number of key nodal points. It argues that a stable current cost accounting regime could have been established significantly before SSAP16 was in fact adopted or, alternately, that the retreat from SSAP16 could have been managed in a way that would have maintained compliance with current cost accounting. Had a substantial period of widespread compliance within a stable regime eventuated, a quite different dynamic might have emerged, including significant user pressure to maintain current cost accounting, thereby underpinning the regime and leading to its long-term survival.     

会计师事务所的内部治理:理论、原则及其对发展战略的含义

会计师事务所的内部治理是专业人士自主协调核心资源的过程,而品牌资源作为事务所的最核心资源,具有准公共物品属性(竞争性和非排他性),因此事务所内部治理是私人部门中出现的公共治理问题。相应地,本文引入了自主治理理论及其原则作为会计师事务所内部治理的理论基础和应用原则,并讨论了事务所内部治理原则对若干发展战略的含义。     

A Re-examination of the Case for Accounting Separately for the Debt and Equity Features of Convertible Debt

The case for accounting separately for the debt and equity features of a convertible bond is based on two main assumptions: convertible debt can be decomposed into two, or more, fundamental financial instruments, and a convertible bond has the same economic substance as a bond with a detachable warrant. These assumptions are re-examined in this paper where it is shown that it is generally not possible to decompose a convertible bond into fundamental financial instruments, nor is it possible to form a package of a bond and a detachable warrant that replicates the character of the convertible bond.     

The Development of a Conceptual Framework for the Design,Delivery, and Assessment of a Typical Management Accounting Syllabus

This article identifies common issues relating to management accounting education in order to determine whether using a competency‐based approach would assist educators in the design, delivery, and assessment of syllabi at educational institutions. A conceptual framework is developed and discussed with regard to the critical success factors methodology to design syllabi that assist educators in attaining the main outcomes in the delivery and assessment of the curriculum. This framework is applied to a typical management accounting curriculum to demonstrate how this approach will enable educators to design, deliver, and assess their syllabi in line with the critical outcomes required. In following this approach, lecturers would constantly have to focus on the knowledge and issues that are relevant and critical for students to understand and apply in order to achieve the aim of the syllabi.     

中国金融发展与服务贸易关系的实证研究:1982-2007

服务贸易正成为全球经济竞争的重点。本文分析了金融和贸易的相互影响机制,运用协整和格兰杰因果检验方法,研究了我国金融发展和服务贸易的关系,结论表明:二者间存在长期均衡的稳定关系,金融发展效率对服务贸易的发展起到了促进作用;仅服务贸易是金融发展的Granger原因。最后从金融支持产业结构升级的角度,提出金融发展促进服务贸易的政策建议。     

The Association Between Market and Exchange Rate Risks and Accounting Variables: A GARCH Model of the Japanese Banking Institutions

This study has two purposes. First, it estimates the market, interest rate, and exchange rate sensitivities (betas) of the Japanese banking institutions. Second, it investigates the relationship between the market-based measures of risk and accounting-based financial ratios. We extend the literature in three important ways. First, we employ a multi-factor GARCH model to estimate the betas. This framework incorporates non-linearities in the bank stock return modeling and allows for time-varying risk premia. Second, we investigate the determinants of market and exchange rate risk in terms of bank financial ratios. To this end, we regress the beta measures derived from the GARCH model against the corporate decision variables to determine the direction and the magnitude of the impact of the latter on the market and exchange rate risk exposures. Third, by using data on the Japanese banking institutions, we provide a comparison of the bank interest rate and exchange rate sensitivities and the strength of the links between the risk measure and the corporate decision variables between the U.S. and the Japanese banking institutions. This comparison sheds light on the robustness of the results concerning interest rate and exchange rate risk, and their determinants, across the two countries. Several interesting results are obtained. First, empirical results indicate that interest rate is only occasionally significant while market and exchange rate variables are significant for all the banks in the sample. Second, market and exchange rate risk measures do impound information in the financial ratios with the explanatory power of the market beta model being higher than that of the exchange rate beta model. Third, the association of the market-based risk measures and the financial ratios is weaker for the Japanese banks than those found for their U.S. counterparts in the existing literature.JEL Classification: G21, F37     

Trade Liberalization and Exports Promotion: A Dynamic and Heterogeneous Analysis Under the Case of Chile

We develop a dynamic and heterogeneous firm model that embodies a firm’s joint decisions to export and innovate and allows both decisions to affect the firm’s production growth. We then calibrate the model with data obtained from Chilean manufacturing plants between 2005 and 2007 and simulate the impact of trade liberalization under different combinations of industry age and speed of trade liberalization. On the one hand, a quickly implemented trade liberalization policy significantly increases the exports intensity of a young industry newly opening up to the world. The increase in exports intensity is greater with quicker implementation of trade liberalization. On the other hand, trade liberalization for a mature industry does not lead to a significant impact on exports intensity.