浅论缔约过失责任与违约责任的区分

缔约过失责任不属于合同责任,它与违约责任是两种性质不同的民事责任。在我国没有统一民法典的情况下,为了保护缔约当事人从开始接触、磋商到合同签订及履行完毕的全过程中的信赖利益、履行利益,在立法技术上将这两种责任制度统一规制在合同法中。在我国,由于民事经济案件常常要涉及缔约过失责任和违约责任的问题,因此,准确区分缔约过失责任与违约责任对于充分保护当事人的合法权益、正确处理民事纠纷,具有重要意义。     

论违约责任与侵权责任的竞合

侵权责任与违约责任竞合是民事竞合的最常见一种。两者在构成要件等方面有着重大差异,但由于现有的法律对此规定过于笼统,实际操作难度较大。为此,笔者在就侵权责任与违约责任竞合的概念、产生的原因等相关问题进行阐释的基础上,进一步探讨了我国立法模式的选择．并对其完善做了进一步的思考,以期对受害人提供更加充分、全面的救济。     

论违约责任与侵权责任的竞合

违约责任与侵权责任的竞合实际上也是请求权之间的竞合,因这两项请求权在成立要件、责任范围、举证责任、诉讼时效等方面存在的差异使得请求权的行使产生冲突。有必要发挥民法立法的基本精神和原则的指导和约束作用,使人民法院在审判实践中正确发挥自由裁量权,正确处理违约责任与侵权责任竞合的案件。     

违约责任与侵权责任竞合之解析

本文主要从违约责任与侵权责任竞合的方面进行分析,着重分析了二者竞合所需要素、竞合原因及竞合的法律处置等方面,从而达到更好的维护当事人合法权益的目的.     

违约责任与侵权责任竞合之解析

本文主要从违约责任与侵权责任竞合的方面进行分析,着重分析了二者竞合所需要素、竞合原因及竞合的法律处置等方面,从而达到更好的维护当事人合法权益的目的。     

缔约过失责任的独立性探究

在订立合同过程中,仅依靠违约责任和侵权责任是不能周密地保护缔约当事人的正当利益的,缔约过失责任正是基于弥补合同法和侵权行为法功能上的欠缺而自成独立之制度.缔约过失责任是债法体系的重要组成部分,是与合同、无因管理,不当得利、侵权行为并立的债的产生原因,当事人得依缔约过失责任形成独立的债权请求权.     

违约责任与侵权责任竞合及其精神损害赔偿——以个案为视角

在遇到违约责任和侵权责任的竞合时,人们不知选择何种的救济方式才能最佳地维护自己的权益.本文通过对一案例进行分析,探讨违约责任和侵权责任竞合及其精神损害赔偿的相关问题,对选择救济路径提供一些有益思考.     

试论违约责任

违约责任即违反了合同的民事责任，是指合同当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定时，依照法律规定或者合同的约定所承担的法律责任。1999年3月15日颁布的《中华人民共和国合同法》(以下简称《合同法》)对违约责任的内容进行了一定的修改和补充，其中的违约责任制度     

浅议缔约过失责任

本文从缔约过失责任的概念入手,首先分析了缔约过失责任的法律基础。在详细分析了目前理论界四种主要学说的基础上,本文提出诚实信用原则是缔约过失责任制度的法律基础。接下来,本文又具体分析了缔约过失责任的构成要件。最后结合《中华人民共和国合同法》,指出缔约过失责任制度在我国《合同法》中的地位及具体运用,并且针对该制度目前存在的不足之处提出了相关的改进建议。     

侵权立法对责任保险市场的影响机制

责任保险赖以存在及发展的基础在于完善的法律体系,尤其是侵权责任法.一国侵权责任法的不断完善,不仅有利于公民和法人承担责任,同时也会增加公众的维权和自我保护意识,从而刺激责任保险市场的需求与供给.本文采用CHH模型,通过侵权责任扩张与责任保险危机问题,分析了侵权立法对责任保险市场的影响机制,并基于美国责任保险市场发展模式...     

德国侵权法与责任保险的互动关系及对中国的启示

侵权法和责任保险是两个各自独立却又紧密联系、相互影响的体系。本文分别介绍了德国侵权法的法律体系和德国责任保险的概况,以及德国侵权法与德国责任保险之间的相互影响。中国和德国同为大陆法系国家,现行和未来的侵权法又直接或间接地受德国的影响较深,因此,德国在侵权法和责任保险之间的互动关系所涉及经验和教训值得中国借鉴。     

The insolvent subsidiary and liability of the parent corporation in the USA,Argentina, and UNCITRAL

The increasing unacceptability of the concept of entity law and the emergence of the doctrine of enterprise law with respect to many aspects of the legal relationships of parent and subsidiary corporations particularly in insolvent situations is a very interesting issue. This change is very significant because it reflects a growing unwillingness on the part of the courts and legislatures to continue accepting the traditional view of corporate law when it no longer corresponds to the economic reality of the modern business enterprise in a complex industrialized international society. This paper examines the American case law and in particular the decisions that have imposed liability where a company is liable for the obligations of an insolvent subsidiary and by contrast the decisions that have denied liability. The paper also examines the position in Argentina within the Argentine law and the UNCITRAL recommendations in respect of liability issues within corporate groups in insolvency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

平衡计分卡及其在会计师事务所中的应用

平衡计分卡最初作为绩效考核工具,随着研究的深入进而转变成战略管理工具,在西方国家深受欢迎,目前也开始在我国介绍引入.本文基于我国会计师事务所正处于做大做强的战略发展机遇期,考虑将平衡计分卡的思想引入到事务所的建设中来,推动事务所的内部管理,加快我国会计师事务所的发展,增强竞争力,为我国证券市场的良性发展保驾护航.     

Accounting and international relations: Britain,Spain and the Asiento treaty

The boundaries between accounting and law are contingent on time–space intersections. Here, these margins are explored in the realm of international relations by focusing on the Asiento, an 18th century treaty granting Britain the monopoly to trade slaves with the Spanish American colonies. Although a relatively minor concern of treaty-makers, noncompliance with provisions of the Asiento by the South Sea Company placed accounting centre stage in conflicts between Britain and Spain. In combination with geo-strategic and domestic political circumstances, reporting failures exacerbated the commercial dispute between the two nations which culminated in war in 1739. The accounting provisions of the Asiento are examined by drawing on managerialist and realist theories of treaty compliance. It is shown that British noncompliance with accounting obligations under the treaty was driven by realist self-interest and the maximisation of material gain. Given that such motivations dominated behaviour attempts to manage noncompliance through the routine processes and structures of international politics proved unsuccessful. Managerial devices such as diplomatic exchanges over treaty ambiguity and securing greater informational transparency merely provided further opportunities for the pursuit of self-interest. It is suggested that divergent perceptions of the role of accounting in international relations stem from the unique political, legal, social and cultural configurations of nation states. The study highlights the limitations of accounting as an instrument of treaty verification. Its effectiveness in that capacity is diminished where there is no shared understanding of the significance, purpose, content and interpretation of accounting information.     

Insurance and catastrophes: The changing role of the liability system

Insurance catastrophes are increasingly the result of actions by human beings rather than nature. Chief among these insurance changes has been the surge in tort liability insurance costs. Unfortunately, the courts have misunderstood the mechanisms for transmitting these costs throughout the economy. A principal deficiency is that the structure of liability has been inconsistent with the courts' assumption that the losses could be borne by consumers or parties other than the insurer.Commentary on presentation by Richard Zeckhauser, Insurance and Catastrophes, Geneva Lecture, Paris, France, May 12, 1995.     

Requiem for a market: an analysis of the rise and fall of a financial futures contract

Futures contracts often include a variety of delivery optionsthat allow participants flexibility in satisfying the contract.These options have the potential to broaden the appeal of thecontact. However, if these options are valuable, they may reducethe hedging effectiveness of the contract. This article analyzesthe GNMA CDR futures contract that appears to have failed becauseof flaws in the contract's design. For the first 6 years followingits introduction, the contract attracted significant and increasingvolume, but, subsequently, the volume declined to almost zero.Over the years during which the volume experienced its mostdramatic decline, the Treasury-bond futures contract provideda better hedge for current coupon GNMA securities than did theGNMA CDR futures contract. And, over this same period, the valueof the quality option embedded in the contract often exceeded5 percent of the futures price and reached a level of 19 percentat one point. We interpret the evidence to indicate that thecontract failed because the delivery options reduced the hedgingeffectiveness of the contract for current coupon mortgage securities.     

The design of an optimal insurance contract for irreplaceable commodities

This paper discusses optimal insurance contract for irreplaceable commodities. To describe the dual impacts on individuals when a loss occurs to the insured irreplaceable commodities, we use a state-dependent and bivariate utility function, which includes both the monetary wealth and sentimental value as two arguments. We show that over (full, partial) insurance is optimal when a decrease in sentimental value will increase (not change, decrease, respectively) the marginal utility of monetary wealth. Moreover, a non-zero deductible exists even without administration costs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a positive fixed reimbursement is optimal if (1) the premium is actuarially fair, (2) the monetary loss is a constant, and (3) the utility function is additively separable and the marginal utility of money is higher in the loss state than in the no-loss state. We also characterize comparative statics of fixed-reimbursement insurance under an additively separable preference assumption. JEL Classification G22 · D86 The author acknowledge funding from National Science Council in Taiwan (NSC93-2416-H-130-020).     

The anatomy of corporate securitizations and contract design

Collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), intermediaries situated between investors and traditional banks, play an increasingly central role in the provision of credit to constrained corporations, holding as much as 75% of all new institutional leveraged loans. Despite their ascendancy in the risky corporate credit market, there has been little academic research on the CLO market. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the design and structure of the CLO market, describing the general macroeconomic milieu that has facilitated the rapid growth of the market, the mechanics therein, as well as recent risks that have emerged. Understanding the anatomy and dynamics of CLOs is paramount for developing insights into the role of non-bank financial intermediaries in financial markets.