从风险管理的角度浅析养老金入市的推广

近年来,在持续性的通货膨胀和银行利率长期走低的双重压力下,养老金缩水日益加剧。而养老金支付压力也随着当前社会老龄化加速日益加大。我国养老金由于缺乏完善的管理制度和良好的投资环境,长久处于闲置状态,实现养老金的有效运作以减少不断贬值的损失刻不容缓。养老金入市迫在眉睫,本文就养老金入市的风险进行分析,进而引发对养老金入市推广的思考,提出合理建议。     

我国养老金市场化相关会计问题研究——对比美国养老金计划

2012年5月8日,中国证监会投资者保护局就网友提出的涉及资本市场的热点问题进行了集中回应。针对证监会不断提倡地方养老金进入股市,但却没有相应的行动的问题,证监会表示,鼓励价值投资,有关部门表示将加紧步伐,为养老金入市做好相应的准备。本文从养老金入市这个话题进行展开,讨论目前我国养老金运行中存在的一些困难。面对我国老龄化加重的情形,我国养老金计划需要拓宽途径,在这种情况下,可以借鉴美国的经验,学习美国的养老金体系,并提出我国养老金计划的一些构想。     

我国养老金市场化相关会计问题研究——对比美国养老金计划

2012年5月8日,中国证监会投资者保护局就网友提出的涉及资本市场的热点问题进行了集中回应。针对"证监会不断提倡地方养老金进入股市,但却没有相应的行动"的问题,证监会表示,鼓励价值投资,有关部门表示将加紧步伐,为养老金入市做好相应的准备。本文从养老金入市这个话题进行展开,讨论目前我国养老金运行中存在的一些困难。面对我国老龄化加重的情形,我国养老金计划需要拓宽途径,在这种情况下,可以借鉴美国的经验,学习美国的养老金体系,并提出我国养老金计划的一些构想。     

我国企业养老金会计改革探讨

我国的养老金制度本质上仍是现收现付制，因而对我国现行的基本养老保险应先在现有的基础上，完善现收现付制，以后随着国家财力的增强，社会统筹部分的萎缩和个人账户的做实，才能实现向完全基金制转交。在这种制度设想下，企业养老金的会计处理会发生相应的变化，应当设立“应交税金一应交社会保障税（养老金）”账户。反映企业养老金的提取和缴纳。而就企业年金而言，在国家税收优惠政策的支持下，企业应从传统的经办方式中摆脱出来。大胆尝试新的经办方式。同时随着企业年金的发展，确定受益计划将日益增多，对其会计处理急需理论上的支持。我国应根据国情，努力吸收西方发达国家在会计技术层面上可以借鉴的东西，尽快构建我国企业年金会计规范。从而建立真正的企业养老金会计，在企业年金会计规范上，笔者提出了八条建设性的建议。     

企业全面风险管理

我国的市场经济是建立社会主义市场经济体制上的一种资本流通与跳跃经济,其在本质上仍是一种极具风险的经济模式,而且在我国经济的发展过程中各种风险普遍存在.就目前而言,我国的大多数企业在风险管理方面的意识薄弱,信息缺乏,管理手段和方法较国外企业而言相对比较落后,这使企业在如今国际化的竞争形势下,面临着严峻挑战.因此加强企业的风险管理,不仅有利于企业进一步强化内部控制,而且能够减少企业损失、增加企业效益以及提升企业价值.     

养老金负债

Richard Mallett认为，目前有许多公司正急于摆脱巨额养老金赤字的困境。CIMA的企业风险管理指南或许能对您有所帮助[编者按]     

试析商业银行金融市场业务全面风险管理

在不断发展和完善的社会主义市场经济体制下,我国经济发展迅猛,金融业逐渐由基金、信托、保险、证券、银行等几大主体共同促成完成的金融体系。其中就商业银行来说,在发展的过程中由于受到内外部的影响,其经营风险不断增加,对其可持续发展形成威胁。本文主要是对我国目前商业银行金融市场业务发展现状、商业银行全面加强金融市场业务风险管理的有效对策两个方面做出详细的分析和研究。     

全面风险管理是中国银行业务发展的必然要求

随着经济的发展、金融业的开放和国有商业银行改革的深入,我国银行业务发展面临着复杂多变的风险,但国内银行现有的风险管理模式存在许多重要缺陷,难以为业务的快速发展提供足够的风险防范保障.国外先进银行在风险管理模式上的探索和巴塞尔新协议已经指明了全面风险管理这个新的方向.本文在综合分析中国银行业的风险状况、风险管理状况和政策指向的基础上,明确提出全面风险管理是中国银行业务发展的必然要求,并就如何将当前银行信贷业务与全面风险管理相结合做了一番讨论.     

英国养老金金融化改革的经验和启示

文章梳理了英国养老金制度改革历程,归纳了三个支柱改革的金融化导向及表现,分析了金融化改革对第二、三支柱养老金覆盖率、缴费率、投资收益和基金积累的影响,以及生命周期化投资、养老金债券等金融创新在应对低利率风险、金融危机冲击风险中的作用.基于英国养老金金融化改革经验,结合我国企业年金和个人养老金发展的实际,总结了引入"自动加入"制度、发展集合年金计划、完善税收优惠、推行审慎监管、鼓励养老金生命周期投资创新以及改革基础养老金制度为职业年金和个人养老金金融化改革创造条件等结论和启示.     

养老基金的社会责任投资

社会责任投资(SR I)作为一种全新的投资理念,将社会、环境、人权等因素纳入融资标准。在倡导可持续性发展的今天,面对金融市场的种种不确定性因素,将这一理念引入到养老基金的投资决策中,无论从理论或实践的角度,都具有深远意义。本文从基本概念入手,考察了社会责任投资的发展轨迹,并从理论角度对其先进性和有效性进行探讨,进而分析了将SR I引入到养老基金投资中的可行性,最后结合国际经验和我国现实,提出了中国养老基金社会责任投资的政策建议。     

On risk charges and shadow account options in pension funds

This paper studies the economic implications of regulatory systems which allow equityholders of pension companies to not only charge a specific premium to compensate them for their higher risk (compared to policyholders), but also to accumulate these risk charges in a so-called shadow account in years when they are not immediately payable due to e.g. poor investment results. When surpluses are subsequently reestablished, clearance of the shadow account balance takes priority over bonus/participation transfers to policyholders. We see such a regulatory accounting rule as a valuable option to equityholders and our paper develops a model in which the influence of risk charges and shadow account options on stakeholders’ value can be quantified and studied. Our numerical results show that the value of shadow account options can be significant and thus come at the risk of expropriating policyholder wealth. However, our analysis also shows that this risk can be remedied if proper attention is given to the specific contract design and to the fixing of fair contract parameters at the outset.     

基于战略风险管理模式下的养老保险公司风险管理分析

战略风险管理模式是金融企业比较流行的一种全面风险管理模型。本文在分析养老保险公司业务经营及风险管理特殊性的基础上,应用战略风险管理基本思想,提出了当前形势下养老保险公司风险管理的核心问题,并对公司目前面临的风险类别、风险因素以及风险管控措施进行了分析研究。     

Shareholder activism of public pension funds: The political facet

This paper studies the political incentive of public pension funds in shareholder activism. Using a sample of shareholder proposals from 1993 to 2013 and a hand-collected data set of the political variables of public pension funds, we document evidence consistent with the “political attention hypothesis.” We find that the number of politicians on public pension fund boards is significantly positively related to the frequency with which portfolio firms are targeted. Moreover, the frequency of social-responsibility proposals by public pension funds increases significantly, as the funds have a greater number of board members running for election to public office. However the frequency of corporate governance proposals is not related to the number of board members running for elections to public office. Furthermore, we document that political connection between a portfolio firm and a public pension fund mitigates the firm’s likelihood of being targeted by the fund with social-responsibility proposals. This result supports the “political contribution hypothesis.” The paper provides direct evidence that public pension-fund board members employ shareholder proposals to enhance their political capital.     

Rehabilitating the role of active management for pension funds

Pension fund returns can be decomposed into different sources, including market movements, asset allocation policy, and active portfolio management. We use a unique database covering the asset allocations of US defined-benefit pension funds for the period 1990–2008, and we test the role of each factor in explaining their returns. Our results shed new light on pension funds’ sources of performance. While the previous literature emphasized that policy allocation accounts for the bulk of returns, leaving little room for active management, we show that taking explicit account of market movement can change the results significantly. Although active management plays a minor role in global asset allocation, its role is predominant in explaining returns to individual asset classes, whether traditional or alternative. This paper rehabilitates the contribution of active management as a source of performance for pension funds, at least at the asset class level.     

养老基金个人投资选择权的理论阐释与实践发展

国外养老基金个人投资选择权的理论阐释与实践发展表明,职工并不能作为"理性人"在养老基金投资运营中实现收益最大化,并进而揭示出养老基金个人投资选择权的两个主要发展趋势,即"管理机构选择权"模式中个人在投资机构问的转移率与该国人均收入水平负相关,以及"投资基金选择权"模式中个人参与率下降趋势明显.因此,如果我国企业年金设置...     

Dynamic preferences for popular investment strategies in pension funds

In this paper, we characterize dynamic investment strategies that are consistent with the expected utility setting and more generally with the forward utility setting. Two popular dynamic strategies in the pension funds industry are used to illustrate our results: a constant proportion portfolio insurance (CPPI) strategy and a life-cycle strategy. For the CPPI strategy, we are able to infer preferences of the pension fund’s manager from her investment strategy, and to exhibit the specific expected utility maximization that makes this strategy optimal at any given time horizon. In the Black–Scholes market with deterministic parameters, we are able to show that traditional life-cycle funds are not optimal to any expected utility maximizers. We also prove that a CPPI strategy is optimal for a fund manager with HARA utility function, while an investor with a SAHARA utility function will choose a time-decreasing allocation to risky assets in the same spirit as the life-cycle funds strategy. Finally, we suggest how to modify these strategies if the financial market follows a more general diffusion process than in the Black–Scholes market.     

Determinants of pension funding and asset allocation decisions

Prior research suggests that the funding and asset allocation decisions for defined benefit pension plans may be based on tax, risk, and profitability factors. Much of the previous empirical work, however, suffers from statistical problems that may produce misleading or contradictory results. We employ a confirmatory factor analytic model to address the statistical problems plaguing pension research. Various competing hypotheses are tested simultaneously. Findings indicate that firms use pensions to offset business risk.An earlier version of this article was presented at the Financial Management Association Meetings held in Toronto, October 1993. Much of the work on this article was done while the authors were at the University of Texas-Arlington.     

公共养老储备基金资产配置比较研究与启示——基于挪威、法国、爱尔兰、新西兰四国公共养老储备基金比较分析

公共养老储备基金的资产配置策略是以储备基金的营运目标为导向制定的。设定基准投资组合、分散化的全球资产配置、重视新兴市场与社会责任投资、再平衡策略与动态资产配置策略并重等成为近年来各国共公告养老储备基金资产配置的主要特征。基于全国社会保障基金的投资实践,文章提出了制定差异化的资产配置策略以实现不同阶段目标,投资监管模式和资产配置策略同步创新以实现投资监管与投资实践良性互动,加快资产配置策略的全球布局以实现区域经济套利和人口红利套利,注重储备基金的责任投资导向、凸显养老金绿色投资功能的改革建议。     

Tax risk management and the multinational enterprise

The financial scandals in the United States and other countries ushered in financial reporting and corporate governance reforms that extend beyond the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). These initiatives have increased the international financial community's awareness of the importance of risk management and internal controls. Tax risk management and related internal controls have been accorded less focus than risk management generally. The purpose of this research is to describe the current state of tax risk management of multinational enterprises (MNEs) by reporting survey responses from chief financial officers (CFOs) of U.S. and non-U.S. MNEs. The research shows that significant progress has been made by large MNEs in developing and implementing both general and tax risk management policies. The results provide guidance in identifying the loci and impact of organizational tax risk and indicate that respondents do not perceive alarming degrees of tax risk in their organizations. The study reveals a remarkable degree of similarity in U.S. and foreign firm responses and demonstrates, unexpectedly, that existing reporting structures enable CFOs to shift a significant degree of tax risk management to heads of tax.