中国商业银行资本缓冲的周期性分析

本次国际金融危机的爆发,引起国际社会对银行业资本缓冲的周期性的广泛关注。在弄清商业银行资本监管顺周期形成机制的基础上,构建动态面板数据模型,对中国商业银行资本缓冲与经济周期之间的关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明,2000—2011年,中国上市银行资本缓冲具有逆周期性,而股份制银行具有顺周期性。政府在短期内注资和上市融资等资本补充渠道,是中国商业银行资本缓冲表现逆周期性的主要原因。     

中国上市银行信贷行为的周期性研究

文章基于中国上市银行1998-2013年的数据,采用固定效应模型,对16家中国上市银行信贷行为的周期性进行了研究。研究表明,中国上市银行的信贷行为表现为阶段顺周期性和阶段逆周期性;银行规模对其周期性也有较大影响,规模较小银行或同一银行在规模较小阶段其信贷的逆周期性更显著。由于当前我国政府对宏观经济及银行行为的干预程度较大,银行监管当局所制定监管政策的针对性及有效性将受到很大削弱,因此文章建议政府的宏观经济调控政策与银行的监管政策必须相互协调,这是未来防范经济危机与金融危机,促进中国经济健康持续发展,保持中国金融系统稳健经营的必然选择。     

银行资本监管顺周期性及其对经济波动的影响

经验表明经济周期、信贷周期、银行资本周期、银行风险周期之间具有明显的联系。资本监管改变了银行的行为,资本监管,特别是新资本协议的特点决定了它具有顺周期性质。本文首先分析资本监管顺周期性以及影响经济周期的主要渠道,然后提出平滑资本顺周期性的一些途径。     

逆周期宏观审慎银行监管研究评述

近期全球金融危机表明,以微观审慎监管为核心的《巴塞尔协议Ⅱ》,不能有效解决银行体系的系统性风险问题,同时还加剧了银行体系的顺周期性。各国金融当局和学界开始关注宏观审慎监管和逆周期监管问题,并对这一问题进行了广泛的研究。我国＂十二五＂规划中也明确提出了构建逆周期宏观审慎金融管理制度的目标。为了反映这一最新研究进展,更好地为我国金融监管改革提供有益的借鉴,本文在对微观审慎监管缺陷的相关成果进行总结的基础上,全面归纳、梳理了关于逆周期宏观审慎银行监管的最新研究成果。     

影子银行、金融风险与宏观审慎监管有效性

近年来,众多学者提出影子银行监管不充分是国际金融危机发生的重要原因,影子银行规模扩张增强了金融体系的顺周期性并造成了金融风险的积累.与此同时,具有逆周期调控理念的宏观审慎政策开始被各国金融监管机构付诸实践.本文通过构建符合中国经济金融运行特点,纳入影子银行和宏观审慎政策的NK-DSGE模型进行脉冲响应分析,研究了影子银行对中国金融风险的影响以及宏观审慎政策调控的有效性问题.研究结果表明,影子银行高杠杆的经营方式加剧了金融系统脆弱性与风险积累,对影子银行和商业银行信贷监管不对称会刺激影子银行规模扩张;宏观审慎政策实施能有效防范金融风险,包含影子银行的宏观审慎政策能够抑制影子银行的顺周期性,使金融调控政策更为有效.     

中国银行业资本扩张的顺资产价格周期性——兼论其货币政策意义

通过分析微观层面的中国上市银行的面板数据,发现中国银行业的资本增速存在顺资产价格周期性,且这在中、小型银行、资产价格危机期间表现得更为明显。在此基础上,进一步从宏观层面利用FASVAR模型检验了银行资本扩张的顺资产价格周期性对货币政策传导的影响。结果显示:货币政策传导的银行资本渠道在中国是存在的,即货币政策通过影响资产价格来影响银行的资本约束和资产扩张,最终传导给实体经济。此外,发现货币数量通过这一渠道的作用强于利率调控的作用。     

商业银行顺周期性的文献综述

2007年美国爆发次贷危机后,银行业的顺周期性理论开始被广泛讨论。本文简单总结了国内外关于商业银行顺周期性的研究成果,并对其进行简单的探讨和评述,以期为国内外关于市盈率增长率的研究提供借鉴。     

我国商业银行资本缓冲的周期性特征及经济效应研究

自美国次贷危机爆发以来,国际金融组织和各国监管当局纷纷着力推进监管框架的改革。此次危机带有的典型的顺周期性特征使各国开始重视逆周期监管,2010年推出的巴塞尔资本协议Ⅲ也提出了逆周期资本缓冲的具体监管措施。然而,对于资本缓冲和经济周期的关系问题,国内外理论界并未达成共识。本文运用我国上市银行2005—2013年的数据对此进行了实证研究,结果发现:我国商业银行的资本缓冲具有逆周期性,但其在经济上行和下行时期的表现又有所不同,在经济下行时期,这种逆周期性表现更为明显;资本缓冲在缓解信贷的顺周期方面没有明显的作用,但资本缓冲水平较低的银行由于面临一定的压力,确实会抑制其信贷增速的过快增长。     

影子银行影响中国经济发展了吗?

本文选取2007年1月到2012年12月的月度数据,以影子银行的流动性、银行的表内信贷和经济增长为主要指标,利用向量自回归(VAR)模型和脉冲响应函数等计量分析手段,实证分析影子银行的流动性及其对宏观经济的影响,并与银行表内信贷的流动性创造进行了对比分析。结果表明:自2007年以来,影子银行的流动性创造对我国经济增长发挥了一定的积极作用;在短期内影子银行创造的流动性波动较大,对经济增长具有一定的负面效应,但是从长期看将趋于稳定;影子银行的发展具有顺周期性。因此,既要充分发挥影子银行的正面效应,积极引导影子银行走向健康有序的发展轨道,又要在保证市场和银行流动性的同时,加强对其监管。     

货币政策与审慎监管的配合机制研究

本文立足宏观审慎思想将货币政策立场和资本充足率要求引入信贷传导模型,拓展剖释货币政策立场对银行信贷行为的影响及其与宏观审慎工具的配合机理,并以2001-2013年37家商业银行为样本进行经验分析.结果发现:宽松的货币政策立场会促使商业银行提高风险偏好,增大信贷投放,加剧其亲周期性,反之亦然;货币供给调整、货币政策立场转变时,“大而不倒”的系统重要性银行响应尤为积极;逆周期资本缓冲要求能够有效抑制银行体系的顺周期性和系统重要性银行的高风险承担.因此,货币当局需兼顾调控目标和稳定需求,全面研判银行体系的复杂性,谨慎选配政策工具,精准操控旋钮力度,有序牵引银行信贷行为和信贷规模,提升货币政策调控的稳妥性与针对性.     

宏观经济、异质治理环境与公允价值顺周期计量实证

公允价值顺周期性在金融风险形成中存在重要效应。理论上剖析公允价值顺周期效应的内在机理,探寻多重因素效应于公允价值顺周期的作用机制。实证研究发现:宏观经济形势越好,市场非理性效应加剧了公允价值对金融类资产计量的放大效应,公允价值的顺周期效应越明显;市场化程度越高,公允价值的顺周期效应越明显;相比于非国有企业,国有企业中公允价值计量的顺周期效应越明显。国有企业中宏观经济形势与公允价值计量顺周期性间的敏感性在金融危机前后差异不大,而在非国有企业中差异表现明显,在市场化程度较高的地方越明显,但在市场化越低的上市公司中宏观经济形势与公允价值计量顺周期性间的敏感性在金融危机前后差异不大。     

金融体系的顺周期性问题解读

在信息不对称性和金融市场不完善条件下,金融体系自身具有顺周期变化的特点。金融加速器机制、《巴塞尔协议》的资本约束监管机制以及金融机构自身的行为都会导致信贷供给更为严重的顺周期性,并放大经济冲击、影响宏观政策的效果。而以美国为核心的金融资本主义模式进一步加重了金融体系的顺周期性。因此,对金融体系的顺周期性问题的相关研究成果值得梳理和借鉴。     

Cyclical behavior of the financial stability of eurozone commercial banks

In light of the financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis, we investigate the cyclical behavior of the financial stability of banks of the Eurozone, using an unbalanced dynamic panel of 722 commercial banks covering the period 1999–2013, and the generalized method of moments system. We find a negative relationship between business cycle and bank risk-taking, indicating that financial stability is procyclical. In addition, the study shows that lending activity increases risk-taking while rising capital requirements boost financial stability. Moreover, our findings suggest positive co-movements between the business cycle and lending, compared to bank's capital, whereby the procyclicality of lending and bank capital have negative effects on the financial stability of commercial banks in the Eurozone. We notice then that the cyclical behavior of commercial banks, in terms of capital requirements and lending activities, depends on their size. Therefore, lending and capital of smaller banks are procyclical while lending and capital of larger banks are countercyclical. Finally, we find the Troika institutions’ bailouts programs significantly impacted banking stability in the Eurozone.     

Market structure and credit procyclicality: Lessons from loan markets in the European Union banking sectors

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the market structure has an impact on procyclicality in the European Union bank loan markets. The cyclical responses of three types of bank loans (residential mortgage loans, consumer loans, and corporate loans) are quantified separately using the interacted panel vector autoregression model at the country level and the single-equation panel regression model at the bank level. Using a sample of 26 European Union countries, we find that the procyclical responses of residential mortgage loans and consumer loans are significantly stronger and prolonged when the banking sector is more concentrated or dominated by foreign banks. However, we find that there are nonlinear relationships between the market structure and credit procyclicality based on bank-level data. We also find some heterogeneities between advanced and transitioning European Union banking sectors. Finally, our findings confirm the leading role of residential mortgages in intensifying credit fluctuations.     

金融体系制度性顺周期机制： 理论与实证分析

内生于金融体系的顺周期属性会显著放大经济“繁荣-萧条周期”并导致金融不稳定，是20世纪70年代以来全球范围内金融危机频发的重要启示之一。与传统文献关注金融体系“自身行为顺周期效应”不同，本文聚集于“制度性顺周期效应”，从资本监管、贷款损失拨备制度以及公允价值会计准则等三个典型事例切入，对金融体系的制度性顺周期机制进行系统阐述。结果表明，根植于金融部门与实体经济中间的制度性正反馈机制与经济波动程度存在较强的相关性，是导致金融不稳定的重要原因。     

Non-core liabilities and interest rate pass-through: bank-level evidence from Indonesia

The policy importance of non-core liabilities (bank liabilities other than equity and retail deposits) has risen to prominence in recent years with a number of studies highlighting it as a useful indicator of financial procyclicality and vulnerability. In this paper, we look at non-core liabilities in relation to its role in the transmission of monetary policy, particularly by examining how the interest rate channel of monetary policy is affected by non-deposit liabilities. We analyse this issue in the context of an emerging economy experience of Indonesia, which in recent years, has seen an increased reliance of its banking sector on non-core funding. Our investigation employs available bank-level data on non-core liabilities and lending rates in Indonesia over the period October 2011 to July 2016. We find that including non-core liabilities in the estimation has an effect, relative to the baseline, of stronger overall and immediate pass-through, albeit with a more sluggish adjustment towards the correction of disequilibrium in the next period. The overall effect is that non-core liabilities make the duration longer for the monetary policy rate to transmit to bank lending rates in Indonesia.     

The equity price channel in a New-Keynesian DSGE model with financial frictions and banking

This paper studies the role of the equity price channel in business cycle fluctuations, and highlights the equity price channel as a different aspect to general equilibrium models with financial frictions and, as a result, emphasizes the systemic influence of financial markets on the real economy. We develop a canonical dynamic general equilibrium model with a tractable role for the equity market in banking, entrepreneur and household economic activities. The model is estimated with Bayesian techniques using U.S. data over the sample period 1982Q01–2015Q01. We show that a dynamic general equilibrium model with an equity price channel well mimics the U.S. business cycle. The model reproduces the strong procyclicality of the equity price. The equity price channel significantly exacerbates business cycle fluctuations through both financial accelerator and bank capital channels. Our results support the increasing emphasis on common equity capital in Basel III regulations. This is beneficial in terms of financial stability, but amplifies and propagates shocks to the real economy.     

“When it rains,it pours”: Fiscal policy,credit constraints and business cycles in emerging and developed economies

Fiscal procyclicality, meaning co-movement between government expenditure and macroeconomic fundamentals, is an important feature of business cycle dynamics for emerging and poor economies. I estimate a panel SVAR to investigate the reasons for fiscal procyclicality. The analysis sheds light on the role of external financial constraints in shaping fiscal policy. My findings suggest that the response of emerging governments to output fluctuations is similar to that of developed governments. However, emerging governments curtail spending in response to increases in the sovereign borrowing rate, which forces their consumption expenditure to act more procyclically. Using counterfactual analysis, I show that the key forces behind fiscal procyclicality are the sensitivity of government spending to international borrowing costs and the procyclical nature of these costs for emerging economies.     

Oil shocks and fiscal policy procyclicality in Angola: Assessing the role of asymmetries and institutions

The aim of this article is to examine procyclicality in Angola, assess whether it behaves asymmetrically over the oil cycle, and test the hypothesis that institutions and fiscal rules can moderate procyclicality. Received wisdom suggests that in resource‐rich economies, fiscal policy tends to be procyclical albeit improvements in the past decades due to institutional reforms. Similar evidence is available for oil‐rich economies; however, we know little about how procyclicality behaves over the oil cycle; that is, whether spending (and revenue) grows faster during oil‐market booms, than during downturns. Further, evidence on institutions and fiscal rules in oil‐exporting economies is still ambiguous. We bridge both gaps by examining fiscal policy procyclicality in Angola, one of the largest oil‐producers in Africa, and a country that has experienced an intense process of institutional reforms since 2002. Therefore, it is an ideal candidate for our study. We use data for the 2004–2014 period to estimate a threshold vector error correction model that extends vector autoregressive and vector correction methods used up to date. Our results indicate that revenue and spending are generally procyclical to oil shocks, that revenue is more procyclical during booms, and that institutional quality, net inflows, financial openness, and fiscal rules affect procyclicality.