植物功能性状对城市湿地水体富营养化的响应研究进展

城市湿地是构成城市复合生态系统重要的生态系统类型,住维持城市生态系统安全方面具有不可替代的作用。城市湿地面临的主要问题之一是水体富营养化,主要是由于人类活动引起的氮、磷元素的过量输入和N：P比例失调所导致的一系列生态问题。从植物全株性状、叶片性状、茎和根性状以及繁殖性状等方面综述了湿地高等植物功能性状对湿地水体富营养化的响应,并展望了今后可能的研究方向。     

湖泊富营养化的生态修复策略

由于工业化的发展和人类生产活动的加剧,大量有机污染物不断排入湖泊并在其中积累,致使湖泊产生了富营养化现象,当前我国湖泊污染及富营养化问题非常严重。文中论述了湖泊富营养化的现状及危害,分析了产生的原因,指出生态修复是治理的最佳途径。因此,湖泊治理应该遵循先控源截污、后生态恢复,即先改善基础环境,后实施生态恢复的战略路线。     

崇明岛景观生态安全格局分析

介绍了景观生态安全格局的概念、特点、理论和方法;从核心区、缓冲区、生态廊道和关键点4方面构建了崇明岛的景观生态安全格局。     

Spatial optimization of nutrient reduction measures on agricultural land to improve water quality: A coupled modeling approach

The objective of this study is to identify the optimal spatial distribution of Best Management Practices (BMPs) to reduce total phosphorus (TP) runoff from agricultural land in the largest Canadian watershed draining into Lake Erie, the Great Lake most vulnerable to eutrophication. BMP measures include reduced fertilizer application, cover crops, buffer strips, and the restoration of wetlands. Environmental SWAT model results feed into a spatial optimization procedure using two separate objective functions to distinguish between public BMP program implementation costs (PIC) on the one hand and farmers’ private pollution abatement costs (PAC) on the other hand. The latter account for the opportunity costs of land retirement and changing land productivity. PAC are initially lower than PIC but exceed the latter after 30% of the annual TP baseline load is eliminated. This suggests that under optimal conditions existing grant and incentive payments cover the economic costs farmers face up to a maximum of 30% of the baseline load reduction. Imposing further reductions of up to 40% results in a cost to farmers of almost $52 million per year. This is 45% higher than the optimal solution based on PIC and therefore not deemed incentive-compatible under the watershed's existing cost-sharing scheme.     

Modelling pesticide risk: A marginal cost–benefit analysis of an environmental buffer-zone programme

A newly developed indicator of the pesticide risk for aquatic biocenosis in surface water bodies is applied within an economic sector model, and is used to evaluate alternative designs for an environmental policy programme. For rural districts (‘Landkreise’) across Germany, different widths of riparian buffer zones adjacent to surface water bodies are evaluated in terms of efficient cost/risk ratios.     

引江济巢调水试验对巢湖湖水水质影响分析

巢湖受周围城市工业化以及农业生产的迅速发展影响,湖区及流域的生态环境发生了巨大变化,尤其是近几年,巢湖水质达到重富营养化水平.各级环保部门决心对巢湖进行综合治理,其中引江济巢是引江济淮工程的一个重要组成部分.引江济巢工程在一定程度、时间上使巢湖湖区及入湖河流水质发生一定程度的改善,但并不能从根本上解决巢湖污染,只能暂时性地缓解巢湖污染;要根治巢湖污染,就必须彻底清理污染物,断绝污染源;采用人工湿池、河岸绿化缓冲带等生态工程进行治理.     

Long-run Relationships Between World Vegetable Oil Prices

In the international edible oil markets, there is believed to be high substitutability between vegetable oils and fats produced under different conditions. In light of this, we consider the question: what is the nature of the long-run relationships between vegetable oil prices? Long-run co-movements among oil prices are analysed, based on a multivariate cointegration model. The empirical finding is that most co-movements are consistent with the predictions of market theory. Prices of oils tend to be grouped according to their different end-uses. Some policy implications of a buffer stock scheme are discussed.     

Soil and water conservation technologies: a buffer against production risk in the face of climate change? Insights from the Nile basin in Ethiopia

This study investigates the impact of different soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies on the variance of crop production in Ethiopia to determine the risk implications of the different technologies in different regions and rainfall zones. Given the production risks posed by climate change, such information can be used by decision makers to identify appropriate agricultural practices that act as a buffer against climate change. Results show that SWC investments perform differently in different rainfall areas and regions of Ethiopia and that the effectiveness of technologies such as irrigation, fertilizer, and improved seeds often depends on whether these investments are coupled with SWC measures. These results underscore the importance of the selection of appropriate combinations of technologies and careful geographical targeting when promoting and scaling up SWC technologies for adaptation to climate change.     

On the regulation of spatial externalities: coexistence between GM and conventional crops in the EU and the ‘newcomer principle’*

Pollen‐mediated gene flow is one of the main concerns associated with the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops. Should a premium for non‐GM varieties emerge on the market, ‘contamination’ by GM pollen would generate a revenue loss for growers of non‐GM varieties. This paper analyses the problem of pollen‐mediated gene flow as a particular type of production externality. The model, although simple, provides useful insights into coexistence policies. Following on from this and taking GM herbicide‐tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as a model crop, a Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate data and then estimate the effect of several important policy variables (including width of buffer zones and spatial aggregation) on the magnitude of the externality associated with pollen‐mediated gene flow.     

五大连池生物圈保护区景观格局分析

五大连池世界生物圈保护区具有原生、完整的植被生态演替过程,是研究火山植被演替、生物多样性系统发育的理想场所,对其开展景观生态学研究有一定的科学价值。本文通过景观格局指数分析,得到以下结论:(1)旱地是本区域的景观基质,其中位于核心区、缓冲区的旱地需要有计划的退耕还林、还草;(2)自然景观类型中的有林地、高覆盖草地破碎化程度相对较高,需加以保护和恢复;(3)裸岩石质地是本区域的核心资源,其破碎化不明显,其内部、外部连通性较好,仍需继续加强保护;(4)保护区人为干扰强度仍较大,需要继续开展保护、恢复工作。     

淮河流域行蓄洪区运用的风险因素识别

淮河流域行蓄洪区作为防洪工程体系的重要组成部分,在减轻淮河沿岸大堤的洪水压力方面发挥着重要作用。行蓄洪区的运用会造成行蓄洪区内的经济损失、人员伤亡及环境污染等多种风险。行蓄洪区运用的风险是致灾因子的危险性、孕灾环境和承灾体易损性及御灾环境的脆弱性等共同作用的结果。从4个方面分析淮河流域行蓄洪区运用的风险因素,提出淮河蓄洪区运用的风险防范对策。     

Agricultural landscape dynamics in response to economic transition: Comparisons between different spatial planning zones in Ningbo region,China

Many major agricultural regions worldwide are experiencing drastic landscape transformations. Examining the complex links among agricultural landscape dynamics (ALD), land use and land cover (LULC) change, socioeconomic development and government planning is pivotal to enhance the efficiency of agricultural landscape management. With a case of the Ningbo region (China), this paper employs the structural equation modeling (SEM) to quantify and compare the relationships between ALD and economic transition as well as the mediating LULC factors in different spatial planning zones. ALD are quantified by time series remotely sensed imageries and a set of landscape metrics; and economic transition is described by a set of indicators from three aspects (globalization, decentralization and marketization). Results show that ALD present similar trend in the two spatial planning zones between 1979 and 2013. However, the magnitude of ALD is larger in the non-urban planning zone. In particular, agricultural landscapes change into the fragmented, irregular, decreased, and isolated patterns at a more rapid pace. Economic transition drivers and LULC mediators differ remarkably between the two spatial planning zones. For the urban planning zone, economic transition influences ALD through construction land morphological changes and water body spatial density increases. For the non-urban planning zone, economic transition influences ALD through forest morphological changes and construction land spatial density increases. In addition, the relative importance of ALD determinants differs between the two spatial planning zones. Marketization plays a more critical role in driving ALD in the urban planning zone, while decentralization has a stronger impact on ALD in the non-urban planning zone. It is argued that land use master plan for agricultural landscape protection should be implemented in the non-urban planning zones and land use plan in the two spatial planning zones should be integrated. This study contributes to the understanding of the complex mechanism of ALD in response to economic transition.     

A pragmatic approach for soil erosion risk assessment within policy hierarchies

This paper presents a methodological framework for scale-specific assessment of soil erosion by water. The framework enables the definition of hierarchical, functional and modular nested reference units which result from the integrated consideration of policy, process and model hierarchies. The framework is applied on three planning levels: at first, large scale zones are designated that show a defined risk potential for soil erosion (first level: catchments and drainage areas in the German Federal State of Saxony-Anhalt, ca. 20,000 km²). By both increasing model complexity and spatio-temporal resolution of input data, the results are locally specified within these risk zones (second level: designated farms and fields in a study area of 141 km²). This is the basis for the prediction of soil erosion areas and sediment transport to hydrologic drainage networks as well as for small scale management and measure planning (third level: designated field blocks in the study area). On this level, the mitigation of soil erosion and sediment entry to the river system is demonstrated by simulating the introduction of conservation management practices, vegetation and riparian buffer strips.     

宁波皎口水库复合生态湿地工程

随着经济社会的迅速发展,水源地上游的大量氮磷营养盐不断输入水体,造成城市供水水库富营养化问题日益严重。为削减入库水体污染物,宁波原水集团有限公司在皎口水库建设了入库前置人工生态湿地工程,技术先进,设计科学,管理维护方便。经过两年运行,工程效益显著,值得推广。     

基于物—场模型的“两区”划定空间布局合理性评价

[目的]科学评价粮食生产功能区和重要农产品生产保护区(简称"两区")空间布局的合理性,是优化农业生产布局,遴选主要品种和优势产区,实现粮食生产和重要农产品生产精准化管理的重要手段。[方法]以物—场模型为基础,构建基于耕地适宜性、耕地多功能协调性以及周围环境影响辐射场的"两区"划定合理性评价模型;借助空间相互作用的引力模型对"两区"划定的合理性程度进行定量评价和分析;综合考虑"两区"划定合理性评价等级及空间集聚类型,采用矩阵组合法对"两区"划定合理性进行优化布局。[结果]选取鹤峰县为研究区域,对其2019年"两区"划定结果进行分析,评价"两区"空间布局的合理性,将评价结果划分为4种类型:高度合理区、中度合理区、一般合理区和较低合理区,并针对不同类型区提出相应的管理措施。通过定量化评价分析,鹤峰县"两区"划定结果整体上较为合理,其中合理区面积占"两区"总面积的91.58%。[结论]该研究为"两区"空间布局合理性评价提供了思路和方法,可为"两区"空间布局优化、促进"两区"功能协调发展提供依据。     

Theoretical analysis and model design of search for ecological conservation redlines based on the sensitivity assessment of ecosystem services

Most small-scale social economies are characterised by their deficiency, lack, and/or difficulty in matching natural data. Against this backdrop, this paper builds a relatively uniform theoretical framework and designs a more economical and objective method for demarcating ecological conservation redlines (ECR) based on sensitivity assessment of ecosystem services. The results show that the sensitivity assessment model designed in this study can identify sensitive zones effectively, and that the ECR in Hubei Province are well within the sensitive zones so identified. The delimited areas based on the sensitive assessment of ecosystem services have great similarities (95%) with the actual ECR areas in Hubei Province. The most ecologically important functional zones (EIFZ) can also be identified using the regional ecological sensitivity coefficient. When the threshold of EIFZ is set higher, the probability that it falls within the ecologically sensitive areas is greater and the ECR delimited by the method proposed in this study will be more reliable. Theoretically, the delimitation of ECR can be inserted at any evaluation level with a grid resolution higher than that of the land use data, which can be used as a supplement to the ECR delimitation method in ecology or geography.     

Nature conservation for future sustainable shorelines: Lessons from seeking to involve the public

The soft coastline of eastern England is dynamic, with much of it subject to the risk of erosion or flooding. A number of internationally important coastal nature conservation sites are under threat. This paper explores the character and reasoning behind changing coastal management policies and governance practices in England. It reveals how Natural England is tackling these changes, notably with regard to establishing reconstituted nature conservation sites and re-designed coastlines. Such an approach requires the close involvement of policy leaders, agency officers, local maritime authorities and local residents. This paper explains how participatory processes play a critical role in the design of new coastlines that are ecologically and geomorphologically sustainable yet enable local communities to survive and flourish. A case study involving a visioning exercise at Winterton-on-Sea in Norfolk, UK, highlights the many practical difficulties around planning for the uncertain future of internationally important nature conservation sites, and local economies and communities. Future moves toward sustainable coastal alignments will have to involve a wide mix of public and civic bodies, as well as local communities, and will be underpinned by risk-based planning and well-researched adaptation and relocation arrangements.     

江苏省生态功能区划研究

依据生态动能区划的目标、原则与方法,在对江苏省生态环境现状、生态环境敏感性和生态系统服务功能进行评价的基础上,综合区域社会、经济和生态3方面因素,形成了江苏省生态功能区划方案;区划共分为3个生态区、7个生态亚区和33个生态功能区,为江苏省自然资源合理利用和产业布局提供了依据.     

SUPPLY RESPONSE IN THE AUSTRALIAN SHEEP INDUSTRY: A PROFIT FUNCTION APPROACH*

Profit function models for the three major regions in which the Australian sheep industry operates are specified and estimated. The supply response elasticity estimates are made using a normalised quadratic functional form and time series cross-sectional data. Elasticity estimates, together with their confidence intervals, are presented for the pastoral, wheat-sheep and high rainfall zones. In general, the supply response elasticity estimates derived in this study are lower than those previously reported for studies in which little or no account has been taken of the multi-product nature of Australian agriculture.     

Towards understanding and resolving the conflict related to the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) conservation with participatory management planning

Conflicts often arise in relation to the conservation of protected predator species. If stakeholders are well defined and involved in participatory processes, their views and perceptions can be incorporated and steps can be made towards resolving such conflicts. In this paper, a case from Hungary is presented. In this case, a participatory management planning process was initiated in the Jászság Special Protection Area of European importance (SPA), within the frame of a LIFE+ project focusing on the conservation of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). It provided a good opportunity to address a complex conflict situation between nature conservationists, game managers and farmers. We identified structural conflicts such as contradictions between direct agricultural payments and nature conservation goals, conflicts related to different views of the main influencing factors, relational problems between various stakeholders, and even differences in value orientation. The participatory management planning process was successful in clarifying the conflict situation and making productive steps toward a common understanding and resolution. Besides the mutually agreed conservation measures, the establishment of an administrative and financial incentive such as the high nature value area (HNVA) scheme proved to be an especially important factor for mitigating the conflict. It also contributed to a more successful realisation of nature conservation objectives in an area dominated by private land owners. However, continued interaction and cooperation are needed to stabilise this progress. Our paper also shows that stakeholder involvement in conservation management planning can transcend the strategic dimension of participation, and address broader common values besides the interests of land user groups.