江门海洋生态旅游资源开发战略分析

海洋生态旅游是一种以海洋生态资源为支撑的新型旅游形式。海洋生态旅游注重环境保护和文化发展,强调生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的协调。江门的海洋自然资源丰富,海洋旅游资源独特,具有发展海洋生态旅游的优势。本文主要分析了江门海洋生态旅游资源开发战略,期望能够推动江门海洋生态旅游资源的开发,为其他地区的海洋生态旅游资源开发提供一定的参考,促进我国海洋生态旅游业的健康发展。     

新常态下生态旅游可持续发展——基于深圳大鹏新区发展全域生态旅游的可行性分析

全域生态旅游是指将一个行政区当作一个旅游景区,始终贯穿于经济建设和社会发展中的生态旅游发展观念,是生态旅游产业的全覆盖,同时又是资源优化、产业升级、各部门齐抓共管,全体居民共同参与的重要产业。深圳大鹏新区从2011年12月新区成立后调整经济结构和转变发展方式,以"三岛一区"的战略布局统揽全局。而从生态角度发展全域生态旅游则是大鹏新区新常态下科学发展经济转型的可持续发展新模式。     

提升生态旅游发展效率,建设美丽中国

旅游产业目前正受到广泛的关注,特别是在一些旅游资源丰富、区域经济发达程度不足的地区更是受到地方政府和当地群众的重视.发展生态旅游,保护生态环境,促进地方社会经济发展,改善当地居民生活水平,已经成为区域发展的重要途径和手段.建设美丽中国离不开区域经济的发展,旅游产业的发展更离不开可持续发展.提升生态旅游发展效率,更需要我们关注生态旅游的实践.     

低碳旅游:促进生态文明建设与节能减排的可持续旅游形式

正近20多年来,可持续旅游已成为各国政府与国际组织极力支持和推崇的旅游发展理念和行动。随着绿色经济、生态经济与低碳经济等可持续经济发展形式的相继出现,绿色旅游、生态旅游与低碳旅游也陆续成为发展可持续旅游的重要形式。发展低碳旅游是旅游业应对全球气候变化与能源安全、生态文明建设与产业节能减排的战略选择,它以可持续发展与低碳发展理念为指导,采用低碳技术与材料,合理利用资源,实现旅游业的节能减排与社会、生态、经济综合效益最大化的可持续旅游形式。一、低碳旅游是促进生态文明建设的可持续旅     

浅谈生态旅游服务管理现状与对策

中国地大物博,旅游资源丰富,名胜古迹众多,山川风景秀丽,适合发展旅游业。旅游业现已成为第三产业支柱产业,年产值突破4千亿。但随着各类旅游资源的不断开发,引起的生态破坏问题日益突出,发展生态旅游成为行业主旋律。然而,很多景区在生态旅游发展中存在问题,服务管理现状并不理想,生态意识缺失,管理手段落后,严重影响了旅游体验,不利于生态旅游的持续发展。因此,有必要采取相应措施,改善生态旅游服务现状,推动生态旅游的发展。本文将针对生态旅游服务管理现状与对策展开探讨和分析。     

鄢陵大马生态旅游景区经营现状分析

生态旅游是一种环境友好型的旅游模式,既可以有效地保护区域环境,也能够为当地带来丰厚的旅游收入,成为当前国内各旅游景区普遍实施一种的发展模式。鄢陵大马生态旅游景区经过长期发展,目前已形成了一套独特的生态旅游产业模式,在有效地开发和使用本地旅游资源的同时,也创造出重要的经济价值。本文在简要论述生态旅游的核心概念与基本特征的基础上,系统剖析鄢陵大马生态旅游资源情况与经营现状,借此深化对鄢陵大马生态旅游景区经验现状的认识。     

黄山风景区生态旅游实践研究

生态旅游对于优化产业结构、促进区域可持续发展、推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。本文选取山地型生态旅游地黄山风景区为案例开展实践研究,主要研究内容包括：（1）首先摸清了黄山风景区野生动植物、古树名木、地貌、气候、水体等丰富的生态旅游资源;（2）梳理了黄山风景区在生态旅游者、资源、企业与环境等方面采取的促进生态旅游发展的措施,包括确定合理的景区承载量、封闭轮休精华景点、规范保护古树名木、有效防控松材线虫灾害、严防森林火灾、生态旅游企业改革和科学治理“三废”等;（3）论述了黄山风景区生态旅游发展所取得的经济、社会和生态效益,其效益具有时间和空间的溢出性,对国内外旅游目的地可持续发展起到推动作用。黄山风景区是生态旅游发展的范例地,其区域发展、法规标准和多主体参与等一系列生态旅游保护与利用实践为国内外风景名胜区发展生态旅游提供了宝贵经验。     

提高生态旅游产业效率的边缘性思考

生态旅游是一种环境友好的、负责任的旅游形式,是指人们前往相对偏远的自然区域进行游览,目的是欣赏和享受自然风景(包括野生动植物)以及当地文化,并促进自然与文化资源的保护,生态旅游具有较小的环境影响,并对当地居民的社会经济发展有积极作用.近年来,生态旅游逐渐成为很多地区新的重要经济增长点.1999年,国家旅游局、国家环保总局、国家林业局和中国科学院共同推出“中国,99生态环境游”;国家旅游局将2009年确定为“中国生态旅游年”;2011年制定的“十二五”发展规划中明确提出要“全面推动生态旅游”.     

从系统学角度透视生态旅游利益相关者结构关系

从系统动力学著名的"内生"理论角度分析,生态旅游可持续发展的关键就是要建立各利益相关者之间的利益均衡机制,从而形成一体化的共生系统.本文将政府、社区、保护区、旅游企业和生态旅游者五个主要利益相关者作为生态旅游系统中的内生变量,用系统动力学方法,分析协调利益获取和分配、权利和义务、生态耗损和补偿等问题,初步构建各利益相关者之间的结构关系,为建立协调各方利益的参与机制提供理论参考.     

生态旅游区旅游效益评价研究

在界定生态旅游、生态旅游区、旅游效益评价等相关概念的基础上,分析生态旅游区旅游效益评价现状,初步尝试构建了生态旅游区旅游综合效益评价指标体系。该评价体系分为主体和修正两部分,经济效益、社会效益和生态效益子系统是主体部分,基础参照系统为修正部分,其作用是对主体部分评价总值进行修正,保证研究的科学性。在每个子系统的指标选取方面,针对生态旅游的特性和功能,分别从生态旅游景区、生态旅游地社区和旅游者三个角度出发,选取与生态旅游区密切相关的评价指标,并参考国际、国内固有标准和国内、地区的旅游发展实际对各指标予以赋值。     

国家公园生态旅游的本土化路径研究

中国生态旅游资源丰富,生态旅游发展潜力巨大,但实践的泛化造成生态旅游发展陷入困境,生态旅游形象受损。如何利用国家公园建设契机塑造有影响力的生态旅游品牌,是一个亟待研究的课题。在梳理中外生态旅游实践的基础上,本文认为,基于文化观念、生态资源与实践环境等差异,中国国家公园开展生态旅游需立足国情,建议重点从5个方面探索本土化路径：一是明确开展生态旅游的现实目标是生态资源的安全,价值目标是人与自然和谐相处;二是明晰生态旅游的内涵与外延,以此严格界定生态旅游实践内容与形式;三是重点从良性互动的社区参与和科学的自然解说系统两个方面,加强生态旅游科学实践,重塑生态旅游形象;四是利用研学旅行和自然教育等生态产品消费契机,提升公众生态文明素养;五是加强生态旅游制度建设,推动国家公园成为生态旅游和生态文明建设的示范基地。     

Applying the resilience principles for sustainable ecotourism development: A case study of the Nakdong Estuary,South Korea

When studying sustainable ecotourism, the ecotourism system can be better understood as a complex association of various elements that affects the local society and wildlife habitats. The purpose of this study is to plan an ecotourism system for the wise ecotourism resource management of estuary wetlands by using a resilience principle-based systems thinking approach. This study suggests an integrated management plan that considers diversity, connectivity, learning, participation, and polycentric governance to solve universal and important issues, such as estuary dam removal, urbanization, and natural resource use in the estuary's social-ecological system. The ecotourism system plans suggested in this study include minimizing ecological conflict and load through an improved sense of responsibility among stakeholders and strengthened protective activities. The results of this study suggest appropriate roles for various stakeholders in the management of tourism resources that can be used to establish new guidelines for ecotourism destination planning.     

Local community participation in ecotourism and conservation issues in two nature reserves in Nicaragua

This paper explores the factors influencing community participation in ecotourism and how this affects conservation in the Nature Reserves of Mombacho Volcano and Datanlí-El Diablo in Nicaragua. Information was collected using individual structured and semi-structured interviews and focus groups, with local people, farmers and tour operators, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques. The farmers in the two communities are engaged in the protection of the reserves because of environmental concern and also because their own welfare is at stake. In different ways, the farmers and communities benefit from ecotourism, but not enough. Either they are excluded from the management system, or they lack resources to promote the sites and improve infrastructure. Community participation is to a large extent dependent on the management system, but it is not the only aspect required to make ecotourism successful. A minimum of governmental support to infrastructure and local entrepreneurship is required. In the case presented, there are direct economic benefits from ecotourism, as the records of visitors illustrate. But there are many differences between the two reserves and their communities, illustrating that ecotourism development is complex and demanding, and demonstrating that ecotourism is not a “one size fits all” approach to sustainable development.     

迈向可持续目标的中国生态旅游发展研究

生态旅游是自然保护地体系建设、国土空间保护利用、美丽中国等重点生态文明工程建设的重要载体。本文对生态旅游发展研究进行了深入分析,探讨了迈向可持续发展目标下中国生态旅游发展研究需要关注的重点领域。研究认为：生态旅游对于联合国可持续发展目标（Sustainable Development Goals, SDG）实现具有多维促进作用,大众生态旅游在现代化管理制度、技术规范和生态文明的中国话语体系中具有较强的适用性。当代中国生态旅游发展具有与以往国外后工业化时期生态旅游完全不同的时代特点,外部环境和关联要素正在不断促使生态旅游发展寻求新的发展路径。自然生态、地域功能、承载能力和经济发展共同勾画出当代中国生态旅游的发展图景,未来研究需要建立以资源环境容量为底线、以生态游憩机会图谱和时空匹配为规律、以空间治理和现代化管控为提升、以强约束低损耗的政策和技术标准为配套的四位一体发展体系,从而为中国实现生态环境严格保护和经济社会可持续发展多元目标提供支撑。     

Can ecotourism deliver real economic,social, and environmental benefits? A study of the Osa Peninsula,Costa Rica

Doubt persists about ecotourism's ability to make tangible contributions to conservation and deliver benefits for host communities. This work in Costa Rica's Osa Peninsula tests the hypothesis that ecotourism in this region is more effective at improving well-being for local residents, at enhancing their access to key resources and information, and at supporting biodiversity conservation than other locally available economic sectors. Data from 128 semi-structured interviews with local workers, both in ecotourism and in other occupations, together with associated research, indicate that ecotourism offers the best currently available employment opportunities, double the earnings of other livelihoods, and other linked benefits. Locally, ecotourism is viewed as the activity contributing most to improvements in residents’ quality of life in the Osa Peninsula and to increased levels of financial and attitudinal support for parks and environmental conservation. Ecolodge ownership by local people is substantial, and many local ecotourism workers plan to launch their own businesses. The data offer a convincing rebuttal to arguments that ecotourism does little to address poverty or disparities in access to resources and equally rebuts claims that ecotourism is simply a part of the “neoliberal conservation toolkit” that cannot help but exacerbate the very inequalities it purports to address.     

Residents’ perspectives of a newly developed ecotourism project: an assessment of effectiveness through the lens of an importance–performance analysis

Understanding the perceived importance and performance of various components of ecotourism to residents living in the area it is undertaken is crucial to the overall success of an ecotourism development project. This study examines residents’ perceptions of the importance and performance of ecotourism components (i.e. environmental conservation, economic wellbeing, promotion of local arts and culture, local participation, and fair share of resources), including overall ecotourism development, at the Gaurishankar Conservation Area (GCA) – a recently implemented ecotourism development project in Nepal. This study also examines the effect of socio-demographic, economic, and psychological factors on a perceived gap between the importance and the performance of ecotourism components. Findings suggest that the ecotourism development project at the GCA should concentrate on improving the economic wellbeing of residents, and on overall ecotourism development. Findings also suggest that residents’ inclusion in benefit-sharing mechanisms was associated with a reduced perceived gap between the importance and performance of ecotourism components. A comparison among different geographical segments of residents indicated that the perceived gap between importance and performance varies across different locations.     

Local perspectives of ecotourism development in Tawushan Nature Reserve, Taiwan

This paper examines local responses to potential ecotourism development in the Tawushan Nature Reserve located in southeastern Taiwan. Community attitude and intention toward four dimensions of ecotourism, including conservation of natural resources, preservation of cultural tradition, sustainable community development, and participation in ecotourism planning and management, were measured. Furthermore, the paper examines whether or not there is congruence between community attitude and intention toward ecotourism development. Analysis is based on data collected using face-to-face questionnaire interviews in two indigenous communities consisting primarily of the Paiwan ethnic group. The study findings show that local people hold generally positive views of the measures necessary to achieve ecotourism; however, their intentions to engage in behaviors to support these measures do not entirely match with their positive views. This suggests that while local residents may support ecotourism development based on international guidelines, their intentions to act will depend on local environmental, social, and politico-economic conditions. It is suggested that issues related to community empowerment, relationship between government and communities, value conflicts introduced by ecotourism development, and the dynamics among and between various community groups will need to be addressed if positive community intention to participate in ecotourism is to be encouraged.     

生态旅游的基础性研究

世界范围的生态旅游活动在经历了近30年的发展后，即将进入一个辉煌阶段。中国生态旅游业的发展在近10年来也十分迅速，但对比世界上其他国家的成功范例，还存在一些问题。解决这些问题最根本的方法就是加强基础性工作。必须科学地集训生态旅游，推进生态旅游的法制管理和总体规划，建立一整套的组织保障体系。在开展生态旅游活动时，应持认真谨慎的态度，既不可操之过急，亦不能自由放任，要有节奏地、阶段式地推进，以保证此项活动健康地发展。     

Evaluating ecotourism: The case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Ecotourism can contribute to both conservation and development and involves, as a minimum, positive synergistic relationships between tourism, biodiversity and local people, facilitated by appropriate management. This paper applies a framework for the development and evaluation of ecotourism to three protected areas in North Sulawesi. Due to its spectacular endemic biodiversity, the potential for providing quality nature experiences in North Sulawesi is high and tourism development is occurring rapidly. Site-level evaluations of ecotourism in three protected areas were performed to illustrate the application and the utility of the framework as a tool for evaluation and to assess the status of tourism in North Sulawesi. It is revealed that current relationships between people, resources and tourism in North Sulawesi have yet to provide the mutual benefits necessary for successful ecotourism. The approach and framework used to arrive at these conclusions have wide applicability for assessing the achievements of ecotourism at specific sites and for directing appropriate management strategies for ecotourism in protected areas.