结构调整与“二元经济结构”转换

经济结构调整一直是贯穿我国经济发展过程的一条主线,“二元经济结构”又一直是这条主线中的难中之难。要解决这一难题必须调整城市倾斜发展战略,打破城乡隔离制度,延长产业链,增强城市辐射功能。     

重庆双重二元经济结构的形成、测度与演进

传统二元经济理论是研究发展中国家和地区城乡统筹发展的基础性理论.但这一理论在解释重庆地区城乡经济发展状况时并不令人满意,也使得建立在此基础之上的城乡统筹发展政策出现偏差.针对重庆地区社会经济的现实特征,本文对传统的二元经济结构理论进行了修正,提出了双重二元经济结构理论,结合重庆的现实情况阐述了该理论的基本内容,并通过实证分析加以印证,以此对重庆地区城乡统筹发展的路径和方向提出基于该理论的政策建议.     

基于可计算的一般均衡模型的我国碳税政策“双重红利”研究

建立了分析我国减少二氧化碳排放而征收碳税的可计算的一般均衡模型,分析碳税政策的双重红利。结果显示:为减少二氧化碳排放而征收碳税,对社会经济变量将造成一定的负面影响。保持财政中性,在征收碳税的时候,减少居民或者企业间接税,都可以在减少二氧化碳排放量的同时提高社会福利或者保持社会福利变化不大,实现碳税的双重红利。但是在保持财政中性,在征收碳税的同时减少企业所得税,虽然减少了二氧化碳排放量,居民的社会福利却有了更大程度的下降。     

交易效率、工业化与城市化——一个理解中国经济内生发展的理论模型与经验证据

本文将交易效率引入工业化、城市化的一般均衡模型，推导出交易效率与工业化和城市化关系的基本理论预言，并运用因素分析计量方法提取出代表中国1997至2002年的交易效率指数，检验这一理论设想在中国的适用性。结果显示，交易效率的改进为工业化、城市化提供了好的支撑，但工业化对城市化的贡献却不显著，这意味着中国的工业化在很大程度上仍然是政府推动型的，而城市化和经济发展则更多地表现为市场推动型。     

银行信贷与中国经济波动:1993-2005

基于1993—2005年的季度数据,本文在一个包含银行部门的动态随机一般均衡模型中,讨论了银行信贷和中国经济波动的关系。模拟结果和实际数据的对比表明,引入银行贷款渠道和价格粘性的经济周期模型对中国经济波动有很好的解释力。脉冲响应和方差分解的结果表明:(1)技术冲击解释了大部分产出、投资以及长期消费的波动;(2)信贷冲击解释了大部分短期消费、贷款以及货币余额的波动,对产出、投资的波动有一定解释力;(3)货币需求冲击影响不显著,仅对通货膨胀、贷款以及货币余额波动有一定的解释力;(4)货币政策冲击解释了通货膨胀的大部分波动。     

能源价格冲击与中国的宏观经济:理论模型、数值分析及政策模拟

本文构建了一个包含能源的新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型,基于中国宏观经济季度数据,运用贝叶斯推断法估计了模型参数,考察了能源价格冲击对中国经济波动的影响机制,并尝试回答在冲击下中国最优货币政策的选择问题。理论模型研究发现,能源价格冲击的传导机制由模型的收入效应、替代效应、资本品市场供求关系和名义粘性等决定,而通过数值分析和政策模拟结果显示:能源价格上涨将对实体经济产生负面影响,而能源技术进步与较强的名义粘度可在一定程度上抵消能源价格上涨引发的经济波动风险;货币(利率)政策规则的强弱决定了经济变量对能源价格冲击响应的幅度,中国最优货币政策的制定可以采用小幅温和地盯住能源价格波动的方式。     

交易效率、工业化与城市化-一个理解中国经济内生发展的理论模型与经验证据

本文将交易效率引入工业化、城市化的一般均衡模型,推导出交易效率与工业化和城市化关系的基本理论预言,并运用因素分析计量方法提取出代表中国1997至2002年的交易效率指数,检验这一理论设想在中国的适用性。结果显示,交易效率的改进为工业化、城市化提供了好的支撑,但工业化对城市化的贡献却不显著,这意味着中国的工业化在很大程度上仍然是政府推动型的,而城市化和经济发展则更多地表现为市场推动型。     

交易效率、工业化与城市化-一个理解中国经济内生发展的理论模型与经验证据

该文将交易效率引入工业化、城市化的一般均衡模型,推导出交易效率与工业化和城市化关系的基本理论预言,并运用因素分析计量方法提取出代表中国1997至2002年的交易效率指数,检验这一理论设想在中国的适用性.结果显示,交易效率的改进为工业化、城市化提供了好的支撑,但工业化对城市化的贡献却不显著,这意味着中国的工业化在很大程度上仍然是政府推动型的,而城市化和经济发展则更多地表现为市场推动型.     

宏观政策转型、行政性干预调整与通胀预期管理

本文通过构建契合我国现实的动态随机一般均衡模型,剖析了宏观政策转型与通胀预期管理的关联机制。研究发现,1998年我国宏观政策由以行政性干预为主转型为以市场化调控为主的模式。在此之前经济处于预期陷阱之中,而在此之后宏观政策能在短期内遏制通胀预期。但是,受反通胀与稳增长之间抉择的影响,加上行政性干预对经济的主要作用渠道由对市场化调控的溢出效应转向基于微观预算软约束的逆向选择效应,货币政策状态与信贷供给状态可能出现不一致,从而对通胀预期管理构成挑战。据此,建议宏观调控应将管理通胀预期作为前提,并进一步明晰政府与市场的边界,破除对行政性干预的过度依赖。     

中国式转型、经济增长与结构性失衡

本文构建一个三部门理论模型,分析中国特有的双重转型、经济增长以及结构失衡三者之间关系,并得到以下结论:中国经济之所以顺利转型,在于将渐进性转型和二元结构转型相结合,在国有经济存量保持不变条件下,通过发展民营经济吸纳从农村转移出来的剩余劳动力;在此同时,国有经济并未被非国有经济所完全取代,而是在社会主义市场经济体系下实现共存;在特有的双重转型过程中,无论是资本要素还是劳动力要素市场,都存在严重的资源错配,导致中国经济近年来出现多重结构失衡现象。     

Size and Implication of Informal Economy in African Countries: Evidence from a Structural Model

This paper presents estimates of the informal economy in 41 African countries, including North Africa, Southern Africa, East Africa, Central Africa and West Africa during the period 2007–2013. Using a structural equation model with latent variables, the empirical results indicate that the average size of the informal economy in Africa (in% of formal gross domestic product) in 41 countries is 42.9%, 39.9% in 5 countries in North Africa, 40.02% in 11 countries in southern Africa, 43.24% in 6 countries of East Africa, 45.5% in 7 countries of Central Africa and 45.21% in 12 countries in West Africa. We suggest economic policy recommendations to solve the dilemma of the informal economy not only in the regions but also in different countries such as: identifying the causes of informality, the barriers to formalization and how to eliminate them; developing policies, procedures and institutions that can help informal activities meet market economy requirements, reforming legal systems and ensuring equal access for all; and finally, establishing affordable social benefits for workers.     

Adjustment of Profits: Evidence from Australian Manufacturing

Studies of industry profitability generally deal with long-run equilibrium models, making no allowance for slow adjustment to equilibrium. In this study, a cross-sectional analysis is carried out against a sample of Australian manufacturing industries at the Australian Standard Industrial Classification (ASIC) four-digit level between 1977–78 and 1984–85. Firstly, a profit model is estimated in equilibrium form as well as allowing for both uniform and variable adjustment rates across industries. The variable adjustment model is superior, with either model implying at least half adjustment to equilibrium within the seven-year sample period. Secondly, results are examined for the impact of firm homogeneity of firms within industries. Homogeneity of firms is found to have substantial impact,increasing both the estimated profits-concentration relationship and the estimated speed of adjustment.     

略论二元经济的实质与转化——基于信息和知识视角

二元经济是发展中国家在发展过程中最基本的经济特征.从信息和知识的角度看,任何经济系统、组织、个人都是信息和知识生产、收集、传递及利用的装置,二元经济形成的关键在于不同区域在信息和知识的生产、收集、传递及利用能力及效率上的差异.因此,二元经济如何发展和转换完全取决于该区域内与信息和知识利用相关能力的形成和发展.     

Who Gains from Restructuring the Post‐Soviet Transition Economies,and Why?

To explore the mixed economic results and huge distributional changes experienced by post‐Soviet economies, I set up a series of theoretical and numerical simulation models using an approach based upon heterogeneous firms, where ‘reform’ means closure of inefficient capacity. In the presence of significant costs to new firm entry and international capital mobility, restructuring and privatisation can lead to falls in GDP and real wages, while capital is transferred abroad. This situation can occur even under perfect competition, but is worse when industrial production is concentrated and trade costs are high. By contrast, workers can gain when costs of establishing new firms are low, and/or when the inefficient industries are capital‐intensive. For countries with high costs of firm set‐up and of trade, capital controls may be justified to protect wages.     

Structural Adjustment Programme, Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss in Ghana

An empirical investigation is undertaken into the impact of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on forest and biodiversity loss in Ghana between the period 1965–1995. In the first part of the analysis, a four-equation recursive model, consisting of forest loss, cocoa land, maize land and timber production equations, is employed to examine the impact of the SAP on forest loss. The first equation is a function of the last three, and the last three are functions of mainly prices. Piecewise linear and switching regression approaches are used to distinguish between the influence of the post from the pre-adjustment impacts. These results together with a specie-forest area relationship are used to investigate the impact of the SAP on biodiversity loss. The overall results indicate that cocoa land expansion and timber production, but not maize land expansion, are the significant causes of forest loss in Ghana. However, the impact on forest loss in the post-adjustment period was reduced. The rate of biodiversity loss also reduced in the post-adjustment period. Changes in relative output and input prices due to the SAP may have played a significant role in the reduced impact of agricultural and timber related deforestation and biodiversity loss in the post-adjustment period.     

经济增长、结构调整的累积效应与资本形成——当前经济增长态势分析

1990年以来 ,特别是 2 0世纪 90年代中后期 ,中国的经济结构发生了重大调整 :基础设施的投入奠定了城市化的基础 ,工业化在消费和出口的拉动下逐步升级。中国经济增长开始由工业化单引擎发展到工业化与城市化的双引擎。由低价工业化到高价城市化的转化以及与之相应的资金流程与资本形成方式的变化 ,一方面引起近年来中国经济的快速发展 ,另一方面也对未来中国经济的持续增长形成挑战。通过政府体制、金融体系和财税体制的进一步改革 ,完善资源配置方式 ,将是应对挑战、保持中国经济持续增长的保证。     

中原地区农业结构调整优化探讨

中原农业生产在中国一直占有重要地位,通过对该平原农业态势及其结构中存在问题的分析可知农业结构调整是解决农业持续发展的关键。理论上拟定了农业结构调整的原则,研究了结构调整的重点：传统粮棉主产区的结构模式、山地农业区的结构模式及以城市为中心的都市农业结构调整。以休闲农业带动型模式、中介组织连带型模式、龙头企业联动性模式、市场牵动型模式、产业化经营带动型模式为主的结构调整将有利于中原农业发展,以期为中原农业乃至全国农业未来发展提供理论与实践依据。     

Energy Consumption,Economic Development and Temperature in China： Evidence from PSTR Model

Since the 1980s, the Chinese economy has developed rapidly, with an av- erage annual growth rate around 10%. Energy consumption in China has greatly in- creased as well. This paper investigates the relationship between energy consumption, economic development and temperature in China by adopting provincial panel data from 1990 to 2011. Different from existing studies, in this paper, we use a panel smooth transition regression （PSTR） model to estimate the non-linearity relationship. Four different threshold variables including two lagged endogenous variables and two important exogenous variables have been considered. We find that energy intensity and the ratio of gross capital formation are suitable for the non-linearity model. The estimated elasticities of time dynamic indicate that energy consumption is income in- elastic and temperature inelastic. Elasticities of real income at first increase and then decrease, however, elasticities of temperature gradually increase after the year 1993. Last of all, we propose some policy implications.     

On the Fabrication of Structural Model of Quality System of Urbanization in China

This paper classifies the factors related with the quality system of the urbanization into three dimensions as quality planning, quality realization and quality improvement according to the relationship of their mutual actions. Then it fabricates a three-dimension space structural model. In order to achieve sustainable improvement on urbanization quality improvement, this paper puts forward the measures of controlling the operation of the quality system of urbanization to make it run effectively and smoothly.