有机产品认证实施规则

编者按：为进一步完善有机产品认证制度，规范有机产品认证活动，保证认证活动的一致性和有效性，根据《中华人民共和国认证认可条例》和《有机产品认证管理办法》等法规、规章的有关规定，国家认监委对2005年6月发布的《有机产品认证实施规则》进行了修订，修订后的《有机产品认证实施规则》自2012年5月1日起实施。自实施之日起，认证机构对新申请有机产品认证企业及已获认证企业的认证活动均需依据新版认证实施规则执行。现将新版认证实施规则的主要内容刊登如下，供读者参阅。     

让"CCC"走得更远

6月8日，全国强制性产品认证工作会议”在北京召开。记者从会议上获悉，自2002年5月1日，统一的强制性产品认证制度开始实施以来，截止到今年5月1日，强制性产品认证（CCC认证）涉及的产品发展到22大类158种，指定认证机构已颁发强制性产品认证证书222835张，其中国内产品208541张，国外产品14312张；获证产品涉及的企业中国内企业42619家，国外企业2121家。据国家认监委总工程师刘卫军介绍，CCC认证制度这项国家行政管理手段自实施以来，通过行政执法检查的有力实施、相关法律体系不断完善、认证目录的适时调整、对认证活动和结果的专项监督以及实施机构的不断发展和完善，在提高重要产品的质量水平、推动重要产业的技术升级、促进产品结构和产业结构调整、保障消费安全、推动政府职能转变方面发挥了不可替代的积极作用。     

我国有机产品认证合格率达95％以上

2010年，国家认监委继续加大了对食品农产品认证活动的监管力度，对11家有机产品认证机构进行了专项监督检查，监督抽查有机产品630批次，地方认证监管部门监督抽查有机产品获证企业980多家。监督抽查结果显示，大部分认证机构和获证企业均能按照相关认证制度和标准开展认证和生产，获认证产品合格率在95％以上。     

青岛工商局查获未经3C认证产品

2001年底，国家质检总局发布《强制性产品认证管理规定》，但由于个别企业对3C认证的重视不够，导致产品流通领域至今仍存在一些无3C认证产品的存在。近日，青岛市工商局对“依必安派特”品牌下两个公司生产并销售无3C认证产品的事件立案调查，初步查明违法产品的销售额超过千万元。     

3C认证迫在眉睫 “门外”企业切莫观望——广东近7成企业未申请此项认证

从今年5月1日起，我国对涉及人类健康安全、动植物生命安全和健康，以及环境保护和公共安全的产品实行统一的强制性产品认证制度(即“CCC”认证)，未获得强制性产品认证证书和未加施中国强制性认证标志的产品不得出厂、进口和销售。     

我国将统一强制性产品认证标志

本刊讯 我国将统一现存的进出口检验和质量检验两套强制性产品认证体系和标准，由国家认证认可监督管理委员会集中管理，并统一颁发中国强制产品认证标志。 据中国进出口质量认证中心主任李怀林介绍，目前，我国存在着进出口检验和质量检验两套强制性产品认证体系，产品强制性认证同时存在ＣＣＩＢ（产品安全认证）和ＣＣＥＥ（长城认证）两个标志。入世后，为履行我国入世的有关承诺，我国在产品认证认可管理方面将做到“四个统一”，即统一标志、统一标准技术法规和合格评定程序、统一标志和统一收费。届时，消费者在产品上将看不到ＣＣＩ…     

让孩子们玩得更安全--6类玩具产品即将实施强制性产品认证

我国玩具产品的质量将进一步得到保证。出口玩具被召回的可能性也将降低。从今年3月1日起，我国将对童车、电玩具、弹射玩具、金属玩具、娃娃玩具、塑胶玩具等6大类玩具产品实施强制性产品认证（3C认证）。在国家质检总局和国家认监委于2005年12月30日发出的公告中指出，从2007年6月1日起，凡列入强制性产品认证目录内的玩具产品，未获得强制性产品认证证书和未加施中国强制性认证标志的。不得出厂、销售、进口或在其他经营活动中使用。从今年3月1日起，委托人可以向指定认证机构提出认证产品的认证委托。目前，国家认监委已对申请承担玩具产品指定认证机构和指定检测实验室的相关工作进行了安排。     

什么样的产品无需办理或可免于办理强制性认证？

(本刊讯)国家认证认可监督管理委员会3月3日根据《强制性产品认证管理规定》(中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局令第5号)，针对出厂销售、进口和经营性活动中的特殊情况，对于《实施强制性产品认证的产品目录》(以下简称《目录》)中的产品无需办理强制性产品认证或可免于办理强制性产品认证的条件，进行了公告。     

三好街全面整顿组装电脑市场

从去年8月起，我国强制性产品认证(3C认证)工作全面启动。按照3C认证的有关规定，属于国家强制认证的产品，必须经国家指定的认证机构认证合格，取得《强制性产品认证证书》后，方可出厂销售、进口或在经营性活动中使用。在国家公布的第一批实施强制性产品认证的产品目录中，     

俄罗斯产品认证发展动向

俄罗斯产品认证发展动向北京杏英１９９２年５月，俄罗斯联邦颁布《消费者权益保护法）｝，随后又相继颁布了《产品与服务认证法》及相关法律法规，并宣布在全国推行产品认证制度。据统计，目前已经对国内７５％以上的产品实行合格认证，其中，对具有潜在危险的产品实行的...     

如何快速获得产品国际安全认证

产品国际安全认证是产品进入国际市场的必经之路。文章从了解国际标准、国内先作测试、用CB证书和CB测试报告转认证证书、利用互认关系、避免变动认证产品、注意选材、提高效率、信守承诺等8个方面论述了如何能更快更好地获取产品国际安全认证证书。     

What drives the adoption and consumption of green hotel products and services? A systematic literature review of past achievement and future promises

The current study utilises the time-tested systematic literature review (SLR) method to identify and analyse 76 studies addressing the consumer adoption of green hotels. The results of the research profile analysis show that the literature on consumers' adoption and consumption of green hotel products and services is expanding and gaining more recognition from researchers working in Asian contexts, particularly China, Taiwan and India. Moreover, the qualitative thematic analysis yields four key themes, (a) consumer behaviour variables addressed, (b) antecedents and mediators of green hotel adoption, (c) moderators of the relationship and (d) methodological considerations, for which limitations and future research directions are identified accordingly. The main novelty of the study lies in the development of a unified framework of consumer adoption and consumption of green hotel products and services that calls for a multitheoretic examination of the issue. This review is among the first to consolidate the growing literature on consumer adoption and consumption of green hotel products and services.     

Irish trade unions under social partnership: a Faustian bargain?

Since 1987 trade unions have been a key party to social partnership agreements in Ireland. Theoretical and empirical studies of corporatism point to positive outcomes for trade unions such as an increase in union density, ease of recognition, and increased employer support. However, apart from a modest increase in union membership numbers, none of these outcomes were realised. Union density levels have decreased significantly, union recognition is more problematic than ever, and employer opposition appears to have increased in scope and intensity. Decline in union density questions the capacity of unions to remain pivotal actors in the future. During the period of partnership union density in the private sector more than halved. It remains the paradox of partnership.     

碎纸机产品风险评估研究

随着人们对信息保密观念的不断增强,碎纸机产品市场需求稳步增长,碎纸机产品的质量安全隐患时有出现.本文通过分析碎纸机产品现状及发展趋势,指出了如何依据国内外标准,科学评价及有效识别该产品的质量安全隐患,保障消费者使用安全.     

Management practices in Australasian ethical investment products: a role for regulation?

This paper adds to the literatures on socially responsible investment (SRI), investment management, regulation of financial services and social accounting by providing a comprehensive survey of investment methods used in SRI products and regulated social reporting in financial services. Australian and New Zealand regulations require issuers of self‐declarative SRI products to provide details on methods used in portfolio construction. Regulators' objectives to standardize the reporting of portfolio construction and thus improve its comparability were identified by examination of parliamentary debates and other public reports. Portfolio construction styles of 86 SRI products managed by 63 financial institutions in Australia and New Zealand were chosen for analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted to identify associations between styles, construction methods and assessment techniques over a four‐year period: 2004–2007. These aspects were further examined in 18 case studies. Over the period, diversity and intensity of construction methods had increased both within and between investment managers. The non‐standard nature of management consultation used in SRI products, marketing needs to distinguish rather than standardize investment methods and the types of information thought relevant to clients did not reconcile easily with the types of information required by regulation. The more recent products in the sample tended to reference market indexes in portfolio construction, separate social considerations from financial considerations and delegate qualitative assessments of invested companies. Consumer policy implications arise from questions bearing on the integrity of information attached to investment products and the effective monitoring of delegated investment processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Dynamic Competition with Experience Goods

This paper considers dynamic competition in the case in which consumers are only able to learn about their preferences for a certain product after experiencing it. After trying a product a consumer has more information about that product than about untried products. When competing in such a market firms with more sales in the past have an informational advantage because more consumers know their products. If products provide a better-than-expected fit with greater likelihood, taking advantage of that informational advantage may lead to an informational disadvantage in the future. This paper considers this competition with an infinite horizon model in a duopoly market with overlapping generations of consumers. Two effects are identified: On one hand marginal forward-looking consumers realize that by purchasing a product in the current period will be charged a higher expected price in the future. This effect results in reduced price sensitivity and higher equilibrium prices. On the other hand, forward-looking firms realize that they gain in the future from having a greater market share in the current period and compete more aggressively in prices. For similar discount factors for consumers and firms, the former effect is more important, and prices are higher the greater the informational advantages. The paper also characterizes oscillating market share dynamics, and comparative statics of the equilibrium with respect to consumer and firm patience, and the importance of the experience in the ex post valuation of the product.     

美国产品责任制度简介

美国产品责任制度经过长期的发展和完善,目前已成为世界上最具影响力的产品责任体系。文章从美国产品责任法中的基本名词定义、产品责任归责演变、产品责任法最新发展动态等几方面对美国的产品责任体系进行介绍,以求对美国产品责任体系有较深的认识。     

The Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on Conservatism and Timeliness of Earnings: Evidence from Hong Kong,Malaysia, Singapore,and Thailand

This paper examines conservatism and timeliness of earnings in the period surrounding the 1997 Asian financial crisis in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Prior research suggests that managers tended to be more aggressive in reporting good news and delayed recognition of bad news during the financial crisis (less conservative and less timely in financial reporting). After the crisis, these four countries implemented corporate governance measures to stabilize their financial systems and improve regulation and supervision (that should improve conservatism and timeliness). We examine and find that conservatism and timeliness of earnings during the crisis period are low, but improved in the post‐crisis period. More importantly, conservatism and timeliness in the post‐crisis period is even greater than in the pre‐crisis period. We measure conservatism using Basu's model and the accumulation of non‐operating accruals suggested by Givoly and Hayn. The findings from both measures are consistent with an increase in conservatism after the crisis period. Overall, the results indicate that corporate governance reforms in these four countries had a positive impact on conservatism and timeliness of earnings.     

如何在生产贸易中合理采用标准

合理采用标准是成功参与国际化竞争的关键因素之一。文章从注重标准的先进性、遵循世界通行的标准、标准附带灵活多样的技术协议、参与国内标准的起草工作、建立有效的标准查询网络、注意产品的特定等级共6个方面论述了如何在生产贸易中合理采用标准。     

含逆向物流的销售商库存控制研究

逆向物流的参与使销售商的库存控制问题更加复杂。在假设消费者退货物品的到达服从参数为Poisson分布,且部分退回物品经过一段时间(L)修复处理后可与"新产品"一样销售的条件下,研究了包含退货逆向物流的销售商库存控制模型。经求解,该模型的订货周期T和订货量Q与退回产品的修复时间(L)长短无关,两者都是关于退回逆向物流产品平均到达率λ和退回产品修复率r的减函数。