我国财政货币政策的作用空间及组合效用研究

我国财政货币政策同时发挥效力不足,搭配模式不完善,限制了其作用空间。后危机时代,切实加强财政货币政策组合效用发挥显得尤为重要。运用圣路易斯模型对我国改革开放以来财政政策和货币政策的相对有效性进行检验,可以得出结论:货币政策的作用空间总体上大于财政政策。为此,要推进体制市场化,完善政策效应传导机制;要政策配合多元化,发挥政策综合效应;要加快工具新型化,促进政策手段协调;要使合作领域重点化,重视特定领域配合。     

我国财政政策与货币政策的实践及启示

我国财政政策与货币政策的实践及启示赵雪恒围绕着经济增长总量的增减变化，财政政策和货币政策在实施中大致有三种类型：一是扩张性政策或称膨胀性政策，简称松的政策，通常是在社会总供给过剩而社会总需求严重不足时采用的政策。财政政策表现为减税计利，扩大财政支出，...     

财政、货币政策的有效性与汇率制度的选择

近些年来，政府以积极的财政、货币政策为中心，通过采取诸如增发国债、降低利率等措施，对促进我国国民经济的平稳复苏与持续增长起到了促进作用。然而，由于我国目前仍实行相对僵硬的汇率制度，也从相当程度上影响了扩张性财政、货币政策的经济效应。本文运用开放经济下的蒙代尔—弗莱明模型，通过对不同汇率制度下财政、货币政策有效性的比较分析，提出了我国应实行更加灵活宽松汇率制度的基本设想。 一、不同汇率制度下财政、货币政策的有效性 　　要分析不同汇率制度下财政、货币政策的有效性，需要以蒙代尔—弗莱明模型作为研究的…     

浅析中国货币政策变迁的市场化路径

我国货币政策的改革及发展,体现了我国经济体制由高度集中向市场化的转变,较好地适应了经济体制及金融体系的变迁。本文以市场化的视角,系统论述改革开放以来我国货币政策体系改革、变迁、演进的渐进主义路径,总结、归纳了我国货币政策适应市场化经济体制变化的特点,并对我国货币政策未来变革及演进方向进行了展望。     

从财政及货币政策视角看中国的总供需

按照凯恩斯主义宏观经济学框架,构建了一个包含财政—货币政策的总供需（AS-AD）模型,该模型包括五个线性方程。以该模型为基础,结合中国1995—2007年共十三年的宏观经济季度数据,展开实证分析验证,并根据验证的结果得出最终结论。     

基于IS-LM模型的我国财政货币政策有效性分析

本文首先简单介绍了IS-LM模型的结构,再对我国IS-LM模型进行定性分析,并通过历史数据验证,得出我国IS、LM曲线均较陡峭的结论,最后拟对我国现行积极的财政政策和适当宽松的货币政策的有效性进行分析并给出建议.     

完善我国财政货币政策操作的建议

2003年以来,在经济运行出现转折的关键时刻,财政、货币政策都做出了相应调整。政策调整的取向和政策搭配,基本契合经济周期不同发展阶段稳定经济运行的内在要求,体现了财政、货币政策各自的特点。今后一段时期,是我国从中等收入国家向高收入国家跨越的关键时期,也是全面改革向纵深发展的关键时期,经济运行环境复杂多变,宏观调控面临巨大挑战。应从五方面着手,完善财政、货币政策操作:综合利用多方面经济信息,实施区间管理;提高货币政策独立性,提高货币政策灵活性;建立统一全面的预算制度,消除内在不一致性;加强财政政策、货币政策以及其他政策间的协调;提高政策设计水平,提高政策实施效果。     

Financial frictions and optimal stabilization policy in a monetary union

Financial frictions differ across countries and thus cause international differences in the transmission of shocks. This paper shows how the optimal mix of monetary and fiscal policy depends on these country-specific financial frictions. To this end, we build a two-country DSGE-model of a monetary union. Financial frictions are captured by the cost channel approach. We show that the traditional solution to the assignment problem – the common central bank stabilizes the inflation rate at the union level and the national fiscal authorities stabilize the national economies – does not hold in a world with financial frictions. The cost channel decreases the efficiency of monetary policy and increases the need for fiscal stabilization even at the union level. Moreover, the more heterogeneous the union, the more important is fiscal policy in stabilizing shocks. Finally, we evaluate the scenarios in terms of welfare of the representative household.     

Duration of bankruptcy proceedings and monetary policy effectiveness

A common assumption in well-known costly-state-verification frameworks is that when a borrower defaults, creditors receive a payoff immediately (after incurring bankruptcy costs). While this assumption enhances tractability, it is unrealistic given the considerable delays in the actual practice of bankruptcy. In this paper, I identify the duration of bankruptcy proceedings as an additional source of friction in financial markets and investigate the relationship between this friction and the effectiveness of monetary policy by using U.S. state-level data. Consistent with the commonly-observed positive relationship between the degree of standard financial frictions and the amplitude of macroeconomic responses, I find that U.S. monetary policy is most effective in states with longer bankruptcy proceedings.     

Optimal fiscal and monetary policies in the face of rare disasters

This paper studies optimal fiscal and monetary policies in an economy exposed to large adverse shocks (rare disasters). We contrast optimal policies under commitment and discretion and identify several striking differences between these institutional environments. A government that can commit to its policy plans relies heavily on debt to smooth the adverse effects of large shocks over time. Lack of commitment seriously limits the government's ability to use debt as a shock absorber. Under discretion, an increase in debt leads to an increase in inflation expectations and therefore higher nominal interest rate distortions. Hence, the discretionary government keeps debt in close vicinity of its steady-state level, and the response of taxes, inflation, and interest rates to shocks is much more pronounced under discretion than under commitment. This is particularly relevant for large shocks and when the initial stock of government debt is already high at the time the shock occurs. We also argue that the adverse welfare effects of disasters are larger under discretion than under commitment, but these welfare differentials can be significantly reduced by making the discretionary government inflation averse.     

Monetary and fiscal coordination in preventing bank failures and financial contagion

This paper uses a theoretical model to analyze the optimal combination of monetary response (lowering of interest rates) and fiscal bailouts in preventing bank failures and financial contagion. I show that the optimal way of rescuing failing banks is to combine the two. This is because lower interest rates reduce the size of the bailout required to rescue failing banks as they reduce the cost for banks to raise and retain deposits. The main result of the paper is that banks are willing to monitor their investments more closely when they anticipate a monetary response in addition to bailouts in case of a banking crisis. Additionally, capital requirements such as the Basel Accords do not always incentivize banks to monitor their investments if there is a potential contagion from unhealthy to healthy banks.     

Systemic risk: The coordination of macroprudential and monetary policies in China

The literature documents the effects of monetary and macroprudential policies in controlling systemic risk, but empirical evidence of a systemwide framework that effectively coordinates the two policies is lacking. This study assesses the effectiveness, channels, and timeliness of monetary and macroprudential policies’ impacts on systemic risk in China from January 2009 to June 2018, and contributes to the discussion of how to coordinate these policies. Using an index synthesized from 28 indicators to proxy China’s systemic risk, we find the following: (1) A contractionary monetary (macroprudential) shock increases (reduces) systemic risk over the entire shock time period. (2) Macroprudential (monetary) policy is effective in the long (short) term. (3) The systemic risk intervention effect of monetary (macroprudential) policy is channeled through inflation control (asset price stability).     

How to avoid the consequences of anticipated monetary policies

Summary. This paper analyzes how monetary policy in an overlapping generations model can be designed to avoid inflationary consequences of anticipated changes of monetary policies. Avoiding these inflationary consequences will require a once and for all increase (decrease) in monetary growth immediately before the policy switch takes place if the relative risk aversion is greater (less) than unity. If the relative risk aversion is greater than unity, the avoidance of inflationary consequences is also time-consistent. Moreover, a general monetary feedback rule ensures that the economy picks the steady state with the lowest inflation rate. Our results suggest that the difference between unanticipated and anticipated policy switches may not be as important as generally assumed, because the consequences of the latter can be neutralized. Received: September 19, 1995; revised version: July 27, 1998     

An empirical procedure to evaluate monetary management under exogenous changes in the money supply

This article proposes an empirical procedure to evaluate central banks’ monetary management in a presence of exogenous changes in the money supply. Monetary shocks deviate the market interest rate from the target, and the monetary authority decides its optimal intervention in the money market, bearing in mind the benefits and costs of re-establishing its target interest rate. According to monetary management theory, typically a central bank will allow for variation in the interest rate within a range around the target interest rate, thereby intervening in the money market when the interest rate trends toward a point outside that range. In this context, we develop an empirical strategy to analyse central bank’s reactions to exogenous money changes by making a statistical comparison of the actual and the estimated intraday shift in the money supply. We also employ our method to test the reactions of the Brazilian Central Bank to liquidity shifts caused by changes in the Treasury Single Account (TSA) balance. Using different metrics of analysis, the applications of our procedure confirms the predictions of the optimal monetary management theory.     

The impact of Chinese monetary policy on co-movements between money and capital markets

From 2010 to 2017, with interest rate liberalization and capital market development in China, the impact of monetary policies on China’s financial markets underwent continuous evolution. Using the DCC-GARCH model, this study investigates the transmission process of monetary policies from the money market to capital markets (stock and bond markets). The results show that in the early stage the instability of the money and stock markets and the downturn in the bond market are primarily caused by the block of monetary policy transmission and the paucity of fund sources in the capital markets. Subsequently, the outbreak of the 2013 money shortage and the 2015 stock market crash are also closely related to monetary policies. In the later periods, the money and stock markets maintain a low degree of correlation for a long time, reducing the impact of destabilizing factors on the stock market. By contrast, with the advancement of interest rate reform and the optimization of bond market structure, the bond market is highly relevant to the money market. The central bank regulates the bond market more effectively using both traditional and innovative monetary policy tools.     

An empirical evaluation of China’s monetary policies

This paper investigates the responsiveness of the Chinese government’s monetary policies in terms of the money supply and interest rates to economic conditions and the effectiveness of these policies in achieving the goals of stimulating economic growth and controlling inflation. We analyze the responsiveness and effectiveness by estimating the Taylor rule, the McCallum rule, and a vector autoregressive model using quarterly data in the period of 1992-2009. The results show that, overall, the monetary policy variables respond to economic growth and the inflation rate, but the magnitudes of the responses are much weaker than those observed in market economies. Money supply responded actively to both the inflation rate and the real output and had certain effects on the future inflation rates and real output. The official interest rates, on the other hand, responded passively to the inflation rate and did not respond to the real output. They do not have any effect on future inflation rates and real output either.     

Labor immobility and the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in a monetary union

It is believed that a common monetary policy in a monetary union will have identical effects on different countries as long as these countries have identical fundamentals. We show that, when there is specialization in production, the terms of trade react to the shock. The transmission mechanism of a monetary shock has in this case an additional channel, the terms of trade. This is the case even if state contingent assets can be traded across countries. For a reasonable parametrization, the differential on the transmission across countries is quantitatively significant when compared with the effect on the union's aggregates. Monetary shocks create cycles with higher volatility in “poor” countries than in “richer” ones.