低碳视角下西安大城市地区空间增长调控初探

城市空间既是城市人生存发展的条件,同时又是这种发展的结果.在保证城市空间理性增长的同时,又有效地促使节能减排工作实现,是学界研究的热点.本文基于城市空间理性增长这一主题,立足于低碳视角下,从低碳区域空间格局、低碳城市空间规划等多个面向入手,结合西安大城市地区这个实例,探讨城市空间低碳化发展调控的具体措施,冀望能为城市可持续发展提供科学的决策依据及有所裨益.     

低碳视角下西安大城市地区空间增长调控初探(英文)

城市空间既是城市人生存发展的条件,同时又是这种发展的结果。在保证城市空间理性增长的同时,又有效地促使节能减排工作实现,是学界研究的热点。本文基于城市空间理性增长这一主题,立足于低碳视角下,从低碳区域空间格局、低碳城市空间规划等多个面向入手,结合西安大城市地区这个实例,探讨城市空间低碳化发展调控的具体措施,冀望能为城市可持续发展提供科学的决策依据及有所裨益。     

理念的转变与多维的视角--二十世纪九十年代以来发展经济学的新进展

以发展的理念和发展的动因为主线,对1990年代以来国际发展理论的新进展作了梳理和总结.近年来,随着发展的研究视野的不断拓展,人们逐渐认识到发展不仅要实现经济增长,还要实现变革、社会转型、人的权利和自由等目标.此外,影响经济增长和发展的也不仅仅是经济因素,制度、知识、社会资本、民主等非经济因素对增长和发展也有着深刻的影响.     

“碳道德”之为生产力与社会资本初探——基于低碳经济的视角分析

“碳道德”是随着低碳经济的兴起而出现的新道德规范,是当代科技哲学对传统工业文明得失的反思。“碳道德”协调着低碳经济生产力各要素间的关系,决定劳动者的价值取向并作为人的核心素质成为低碳经济发展的动力源。只有那些符合生产力性质、进入现实生产领域并且与社会资本耦合的“碳道德”才能成为生产力。发展低碳经济要充分发挥“碳道德”的生产力作用,强化劳动者的“碳道德”素养。     

Sociological approaches to risk: strong in analysis but weak in policy influence in recent UK developments

Sociological approaches to risk and uncertainty are well‐developed. These approaches have played an important role in analysing the significance of risk and uncertainty in modern social life. However, it is approaches based on rational actor perspectives in New Public Management that have become pre‐eminent in handling social risks in recent UK policies. This paper tackles the puzzle of why sociology is strong in critique but much weaker in policy influence by pointing to the institutional and contextual standing of approaches which offer a natural home to individual rational actor approaches within UK government.

Approaches that understand and analyse risk in statistical terms have been particularly influential in many aspects of modern life. A second stream, that has tended to attract less attention, stresses linkages between these approaches and the growth of particular institutions. The challenges faced by modern states in a post‐industrial and globalised world are widely discussed. An important response, particularly prominent in the UK and especially in social policy‐making, has been New Public Management, associated with an individual rational actor paradigm. Sociological approaches to risk have contributed a number of critiques of this development, however these critiques have failed to gain much purchase on policy‐making. One reason is the extent to which approaches which rest on an individual rational actor paradigm are entrenched within the institutional framework of policy‐making. This paradigm rests on a different approach to agency than that which is most influential in sociology.     

Privatization,financial development,property rights and growth

This study analyzes how prevailing institutional arrangements i.e., property rights, contracting rights, political institutions, and corporate governance practices affect privatized firms’ performance, capital markets development, and economic growth. Most of the studies surveyed show that privatization enhances privatized firms performance, efficiency, and profitability, which percolates to economic growth. Privatized firms performed better in countries with better regulatory and legal frameworks. Partial privatization may be beneficial in countries with weak institutions, namely, the French civil law countries. The stronger the economic and the governing institutions, the easier it is for privatized firms to thrive and contribute to economic growth. Overall, privatization allows firms to achieve improved efficiency while driving the development of the financial sector.     

The Impact of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act On The Risk of Savings Institutions

The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) of 1989 was intended to enhance the safety of savings institutions. We develop and test a model showing how institution‐specific characteristics modify the overall effect of FIRREA on the risk of savings institutions. Our model incorporates market risk, interest rate risk, and exposure to real estate conditions. We find that risk shifts vary across savings institutions. Larger institutions exhibit no obvious shift in risk, while smaller institutions show reduced risk since FIRREA. Moreover, the effects are more favorable for institutions that maintained higher capital levels in response to FIRREA's provisions.     

吉林省发展低碳经济的对策与战略研究

发展低碳经济是实现生态文明和可持续发展的必由之路。低碳经济要求经济发展实现低排放、低污染、低能耗的生产方式。吉林省能源储量相对缺乏、经济发展严重依赖第二产业,而能耗高、排放高的行业又主要集中于第二产业的重工业领域。因此,分别以化工行业、汽车行业、建筑行业、冶金矿业和农业这些高能耗的行业为切入点,探索吉林省发展低碳经济的对策更具可操作性和实际意义。     

低碳时代农村环境污染与规制工具创新——基于规制经济学的分析

以能源消耗污染、日常生活污染、农业生产污染、乡镇企业污染和城镇转移污染等为主的污染物与日俱增,严重影响与威胁我国农村发展与农村居民生活。根据规制经济学理论,探索如何创新我国农村的命令控制型、市场激励型与自愿参与型环境规制工具,提升环境污染防治效果,已成为低碳时代一个迫切的现实诉求。     

新中国农地产权制度变迁对农业投资的影响机制及实证检验

通过理论与实证分析新中国农地产权制度变迁对农业投资的影响机制发现,明确和有保障的农地产权制度减少了不确定性,降低了逆向选择风险,增强了农业经营主体对未来收益的预期,也提高了投资主体获得稳定投资收益的预期,进而增加了农业资金投入的需求和供给。实证检验结果表明：新中国成立以来的农地产权制度变迁对农业投资有显著的正向影响,每一次农地产权制度变迁都显著地促进了农业投资的增加。特别是在改革开放后,家庭联产承包责任制和土地承包经营权流转制度的确立对我国农业投资增长的影响更大。因此,我国今后要进一步改革完善农地产权制度,通过制度保护农业投资积极性,促进农业发展。     

产权范式的企业收益分配问题研究

文章以产权理论为基石,重点研究了产权范式的企业本质观;产权范式收益分配制度是收益分享还是收益独占;产权范式收益分配的效率与公平。研究表明:现代企业是产权契约联结体;产权范式的企业收益分配是物质资本所有者、人力资本所有者和社会资本所有者的收益分享制而不是物质资本所有者的收益独占制;产权范式的企业收益分配不仅能提升企业生产要素配置和使用效率,而且有利于确保收益分配公正合理、产权平等保护和机会均等。     

Energy-Driven Economic Growth: Energy Consumption—Economic Growth Nexus Revisited for China

This paper revisits the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the case of China using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure for the period from 1952 to 2008. The results suggest that energy is one of the engines of growth in China, along with labor, capital, and international trade. In particular, a 1 percent increase in energy consumption leads to a 0.17 percent increase in gross domestic product. In addition to energy consumption, results also suggest that labor, capital, and international trade are also important factors stimulating China’s economic growth.     

Machines,buildings, and optimal dynamic taxes

The effective taxes on capital returns differ depending on capital type in the U.S. tax code. This paper uncovers a novel reason for the optimality of differential capital taxation. We set up a model with two types of capital – equipments and structures – and equipment-skill complementarity. Under a plausible assumption, we show that it is optimal to tax equipments at a higher rate than structures. In a calibrated model, the optimal tax differential rises from 27 to 40 percentage points over the transition to the new steady state. The welfare gains of optimal differential capital taxation can be as high as 0.4% of lifetime consumption.     

Oil at 150$—The tipping point for changing course of civilizations?

The present work offers a systemic perspective on post conventional oil futures. It is based on the model that accounts for a causal relationship between a dominant worldview in a society and the societal choice of technology and institutions, which then constrain and direct dynamics at the level of production and consumption. The Business as usual scenario provides an idea as where the world might be heading under the assumption of a myopic and unchanging worldview. The Western group leads the process of change scenario describes an evolutionary cascade of change in the Western group, which starts with a substantial change in a dominant worldview. Note that this substantial change is not a revolution – although its institutional solutions appear very challenging today, they do not necessarily stand out of the capitalist democracy. Finally, the third scenario is about global governance – a future that would leave least unknowns and least threats to Western civilization.     

基于广义资本的财务报告

随着经济形态从工业经济到知识经济的转变、发展观念从无限增长观到可持续增长观的转变、企业从"经济人"到"社会生态经济人"的转变,企业资本呈现出一种泛化的趋势,即从传统财务会计中的财务资本转变为了包括财务资本(债务资本、权益资本)、人力资本、组织资本、社会资本、生态资本等在内的广义资本。广义资本共同创造了企业价值,都应在企业享有相应的权益。所以,新经济时代的财务报告应为广义资本所有者提供其产权价值实现和保障情况的个性化的信息。     

中国石油对外依存度高企的成因、影响及对策

中国经济持续增长,能源需求不断上升。受资源禀赋制约,石油依存度快速攀升,“买得到、买得起、买得好”的问题凸显,能源安全面临挑战。对此,必须积极开展能源外交,拓宽石油进口渠道;深化国际合作,提升中国在世界石油定价机制中的话语权;建立多元化石油运输网络,加快海外运力建设。同时,还要努力提高能效,控制能源消费总量,从宏观上进行综合平衡,加大新能源的开发利用力度,实现能源供给与节能减排相协调。     

危机背景下我国短期国际资本流入逆转：原因、影响及建议

随着金融危机的持续蔓延和国际金融机构去杠杆化的逐渐深入,一些新兴市场国家的国际资本净流入状态受危机影响已逆转为净流出状态。我国短期国际资本的流动趋势在2008年7月也发生了逆转,本文重点讨论我国短期国际资本发生逆转的原因、影响,并针对短期国际资本流入逆转的风险给出了相应的政策建议。     

Risk sharing,finance, and institutions in international portfolios

We develop a standard model to show how transaction costs in international investment affect conventional tests of consumption risk sharing, both in a multilateral and a bilateral setting. We implement the tests in a novel international data set on bilateral holdings of equity, bonds, foreign direct investment (FDI) and bank loans. In our data, high foreign capital holdings are associated with international consumption risk sharing as implied by our theory. This is especially true of investment in equity or bonds, but not of foreign direct investment or bank loans. In our model, the implication is that transaction costs are higher for FDI and international loans. The discrepancy could reflect technological differences, but also the prospect of expropriation, perhaps most stringent for FDI or loans. We argue that expropriation risk is endogenous to both the borrower's institutions and its openness to international markets. The detrimental impact of poor institutions is muted in open economies, where the possibility of subsequent exclusion from world markets deters expropriation of foreign capital. We show the implied effects of institutions prevail in both the cross-section of consumption risk sharing and in observed international investment patterns.     

Effects of Shifting Saving Patterns on Interest Rates and Economic Activity

Individuals in the United States consistently do most of their saving through financial intermediaries, but over time there have been and continue to be major shifts in people's reliance on specific kinds of intermediary institutions. This paper assesses the potential effects on interest rates, and via interest rates (and asset prices and yields more generally) on nonfinancial economic activity, of four specific shifts in saving behavior: additional pension contributions financed by individuals, additional pension contributions financed by businesses, additional purchases of life insurance by individuals, and additional deposits in thrift institutions by individuals. The paper's results indicate that such shifts, in plausible magnitudes, would have significant effects not only on interest rates and asset-liability flows but also on both the level and the composition of nonfinancial economic activity. In particular, although the specific effects differ from one shift to another, each would disproportionately stimulate capital formation in comparison to other forms of spending.     

Corporate Social Responsibility Amid Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Crisis: BRICS vs. OECD Countries

This paper compares today’s corporate management in developing markets (BRICS countries) vs. developed markets (the OECD countries). The influence of determining a new social corporate management season considering social distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic on emerging markets' economic growth is ascertained and set apart from corporate management in developing markets. This paper helps clarifying and better understanding the role of corporate social responsibility in the conditions of an economic crisis against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. This work provides scientific arguments that allow solving critical discussions regarding the advantages (growth of quality of life, an increase of business's competitiveness) and costs (limitation of economic growth, non-commercial use of profit, and increased price for goods and services) of domestic production and consumption. In the long-term, responsible financial practices return all investments and allow countries to better cope with a crisis. The research supplies a new view of corporate social responsibility as a measure of crisis management. It reflects its advantages at a time of social distancing in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The institutionalization of corporate social responsibility in emerging countries is not predetermined by internal factors (approach to doing business or organizational culture), if not by external factors (market status, state regulation, and consumer awareness). These circumstances prove the high complexity of strengthening corporate social responsibility in developing countries. In the conditions of social distancing – due to the COVID-19 pandemic – corporate social responsibility goes to a new level. In both developing and developed countries, one of the most widespread manifestations of corporate social responsibility is the entrepreneurship's transition to the remote form of activities. This envisages the provision of remote employment for workers and the online purchase of goods and services for consumers.