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1.
It is well known that signing publicly observable contracts with third parties is a means of credibly committing to certain actions and hence may yield strategic advantages. Previous work on the commitment value of unobservable contracts has been limited to normal form games and extensive form games in which only one party has the option to sign a contract. In this paper, we extend the analysis to extensive form games in which both players can sign contracts, and characterize the set of sequential equilibria. We show that any Nash equilibrium outcome of the original game in which both players receive more than their individually rational payoffs can be supported as a sequential equilibrium outcome. Therefore, delegation acts not only as a commitment device to gain advantage over the opponent, but also as a cooperative device to attain Pareto improvements over the subgame perfect equilibrium outcome. I would like to thank Atila Abdulkadiroglu, Jean-Pierre Benoit, Alberto Bisin, Boyan Jovanovic, Ehud Kalai, Giuseppe Lopomo, George Mailath, Efe Ok, Ariel Rubinstein, Andy Schotter, seminar participants at various universities and conferences, and anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions. Support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Program for Economic Research at Columbia University is also gratefully acknowledged.  相似文献   

2.
    
We examine two key US labor market policies: state-level minimum wages for women from 1912-23 and the federal minimum wage established under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Each of these regulations implicitly defined which groups were and were not expected to conform to the hegemonic male breadwinner/female homemaker model of gender relations. In fact, social reformers and labor leaders advocated these policy measures as a means of extending the male-breadwinner family to recent European immigrants and white southerners. The male-breadwinner family and public policies designed to foster it became one means of defining a commonality of whiteness among different ethnic groups during a period of assimilation. Through the inclusion and exclusion of particular occupations and industries, African-American women were assigned a subordinated gender identity as neither full-time mothers nor legitimate breadwinners. They responded by forging their own gender identity as co-breadwinners.  相似文献   

3.
在产品价值链全球化过程中,各国生产技术、要素禀赋结构和产业发展环境等方面的差异造成了各国比较优势产品结构的不同,而比较优势产品处于低端的国家获得较少的贸易利益。为了提高对外贸易利益,以低端产品为比较优势的国家应不断提升比较优势产品附加值水平,转变比较优势结构。比较优势结构的变动内生于技术进步和要素禀赋结构的转变,所以应通过加强边干边学、技术创新和对技术扩散的吸收促进技术进步;通过促进资本积累转变要素禀赋结构,特别应注重教育与职业培训,提高人力资本水平和技术创新能力。同时,政府对当前并不具有比较优势但附加值较高的产业进行政策支持,则能够使动态比较优势结构发生逆转,有效促进比较优势产品向高端过渡。  相似文献   

4.
    
This article studies the interaction of information disclosure and reputational concerns in certification markets. We argue that by revealing information less precisely, a certifier reduces the threat of capture because this reduces her gains from selling fraudulent certificates. As a result, only imprecise disclosure rules are implementable for intermediate discount factors. Our results therefore suggest that contrary to the common view, imprecise disclosure may be socially desirable. Regulatory intervention may provoke market failure especially in industries where certifier reputational rents are low.  相似文献   

5.
我国正在建设“资源节约型、环境友好型”社会。“两型”社会的建设目标就是保护环境和资源。这就需要我们运用各种手段,采取各种措施,加大保护环境资源的力度。政策手段是一个主要的调控杠杆,环境刑事政策作为运用刑法手段控制环境违法行为和惩治环境犯罪的策略和方针,近年来在环境资源保护方面发挥的作用越来越大。环境刑事政策既是刑事政策,也是环境政策,既是立法政策、司法政策,也是执行政策,理论上对环境刑事政策进行研究,可以指导决策机关制定符合“两型”社会建设需要的方略,进而更好地运用刑事手段保护环境和资源。  相似文献   

6.
从历代移动通信标准的形成过程来看,存在着不同的标准形成机制。本文分析了第一代移动通信的基于市场标准形成机制,第二代的基于市场与委员会混合机制,在此基础上提出了第三代的政府干预下的市场与委员会混合机制,并重点分析了这种机制对标准的形成所发挥的显著作用,探讨了相应的政策含义。  相似文献   

7.
创新政策组合是当前政策研究领域的热点问题,已经得到越来越多学者的关注。通过梳理国内外创新政策组合相关研究文献,阐述政策组合概念起源和内涵,对政策组合文献的发文数量、重要文献等进行统计和分析。在此基础上,进一步厘清创新政策组合的发展脉络及理论框架,并从政策组合的维度、要素、过程和特征4个方面分析创新政策组合研究现状。最后,针对现有研究不足,提出未来研究方向,为进一步拓展该领域研究提供理论基础和知识储备。  相似文献   

8.
This paper investigates the effects of alternative forms of regulation on the market penetration and capacity that are determined by a profit-maximizing monopolist providing reliability differentiated service to consumers. Both price cap and rate of return regulation lead to larger capacity and market penetration than in the absence of regulation. These forms of regulation also lead to larger consumer surplus than in the absence of regulation. A minimum reliability standard reduces market penetration, and this reduction may lead to a decrease in consumer surplus.   相似文献   

9.
从需求面、供给面、环境面3个层面,选取中国最具高技术产业竞争力的北京、天津、深圳、西安、成都5个城市产业扶持政策进行研究。通过对五城市高技术产业政策条款进行编码、结构化和内容分析,指出五城市高技术产业政策在需求面、供给面、环境面具有明显的偏好差异,深刻剖析不同城市在高技术产业政策工具运用方面的差异和共性,可为政府相关部门制定和完善高技术产业扶持政策提供借鉴。  相似文献   

10.
创新政策内容主体包括供给导向、需求导向和环境支持导向等创新政策,创新政策评价指标包括政策协同度、政策强度和政策完善度3个维度。采用政策赋值量化法与模糊数学方法构建多维评价指标,指出在创新政策设计中,我国应更多采纳需求导向型和环境支持导向型创新政策体系,更加关注创新政策协同度和完善度,以引导创新型企业、创业型大学和创新中介机构在创新资源配置中发挥主体作用。  相似文献   

11.
论公共政策的有效执行   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
公共政策的有效执行是政策目标实现的关键,公共政策的四大主要环节即政策制定、政策执行、政策评价机制以及政策监督都会对政策的实现产生一定的影响.政策制定时要考虑方案的科学合理性和连续稳定及与其他政策间的协调,政策执行过程中应重点考虑执行主体、目标群体和政策环境对政策执行的影响,另外还要完善政策执行评价机制以及加强政策的事中监督.  相似文献   

12.
    
This paper argues that there is increasing need for the integration of policy considerations in the formulation of research questions and in the development of analytical work in policy oriented innovation studies. Despite the fact that Evolutionary and Innovation Studies theories have offered new ways of incorporating policy, little explicitness in this regard has yet been achieved and there is a risk that academic research following the new perspectives will be of little relevance for policy. Rather than a ‘linear process’ starting with empirical research aimed at linking competitiveness and economic performance to technological capabilities (in a comparative perspective and aimed at identifying ‘best practice’) followed by very abstract and un-grounded ‘policy implications' - a new type of link between positive and normative economics in the field is required. Our approach suggests a new structure for policy-oriented and policy-relevant research, i.e. the integration of research on technological change and industrial transformation with research on policy and the development of a conceptual framework for the design and implementation of innovation policies.  相似文献   

13.
企业是“大众创业,万众创新”政策落实的重要载体。在对国家及地方一系列“双创”政策文件进行梳理的基础上,筛选与企业创新创业密切联系的8个主要政策工具,通过278家企业有效调查问卷及回归模型研究发现:“三权”改革、发展科技服务业、科技资源开放共享和高新技术企业扶持等政策工具效果显著,拓宽融资渠道、发展各类“双创”孵化平台和提高科研人员成果转化收益比例等政策工具效果不明显,而研发费用加计扣除政策与企业创新创业呈现负相关关系。分析了引致不同“双创”政策工具效果差异的原因,并提出了相应的建议。  相似文献   

14.
目的探讨康复护理对脑梗死患者治疗期间睡眠质量的临床效果。方法回顾性分析近期于我院就诊并确诊为脑梗死的患者30例,分析治疗期间影响患者睡眠质量的因素,给予其针对性康复护理,比较护理前后患者各项检测指标评分和睡眠质量。结果康复护理后,患者匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)明显改善,睡眠质量明显提高(P<0.05)。结论康复护理干预能有效提高脑梗死患者治疗期间睡眠质量,促进患者早日康复。  相似文献   

15.
为分析改革开放以来中国减排政策的变化特征及趋势,构建了“情境-表达-结局”的分析框架,对1981-2015年7个“五年规划”及减排政策进行文本挖掘。研究结果表明:中国减排政策变迁历程基本符合“情境—表达—结局”的一般规律;对污染物排放的情境认知、政策表达及结局存在相对时间延滞;原有排放情境尚未根本改变,新的情境又陆续叠加,增加了环境治理压力。因此,既应正视“情境-表达-结局”的客观性,又应努力提升政策的前瞻性和预见性。  相似文献   

16.
科技创新政策研究是科技智库的核心职责之一,科技创新政策监测是开展科技创新政策研究的基本工具和手段,但目前针对科技创新政策监测体系的系统研究却不多。针对科技创新政策研究需求,创新性地以科技创新政策监测体系为研究对象,系统分析科技创新政策监测对象的范畴、科技创新政策监测的主要方法、科技创新政策智能监测的系统功能、科技创新政策监测的产品设计,可为相关科技智库机构开展科技创新政策研究提供一套具备操作性的研究模式,为后续科技创新政策监测研究提供有益借鉴。  相似文献   

17.
科技创新政策研究是科技智库的核心职责之一,科技创新政策监测是开展科技创新政策研究的基本工具和手段,但目前针对科技创新政策监测体系的系统研究却不多。针对科技创新政策研究需求,创新性地以科技创新政策监测体系为研究对象,系统分析科技创新政策监测对象的范畴、科技创新政策监测的主要方法、科技创新政策智能监测的系统功能、科技创新政策监测的产品设计,可为相关科技智库机构开展科技创新政策研究提供一套具备操作性的研究模式,为后续科技创新政策监测研究提供有益借鉴。  相似文献   

18.
    
A quality certification standard in a competitive setting can improve welfare but may affect consumers and producers differently. In a competitive model with quality preferences of the vertical product differentiation type, we find that producers prefer a higher (lower) quality standard than consumers if individual demand functions are log-convex (log-concave).  相似文献   

19.
The diffusion of policy innovations -an experimental investigation   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
What causes a government to adopt a new program or policy? Despite a large number of empirical studies available to date, the relative importance of various determinants remains obscure because of difficulties of statistical identification. We present an experimental setting to study the diffusion of policy innovations in the laboratory. Our approach discriminates between experimentation, experience, and emulation as determinants of policy adoption. The policy innovation we study is an internalization tax to mitigate a local market externality. Our results demonstrate the importance of information about innovations in other states in the diffusion of policy innovations.JEL Classification: C9, D7, H7Correspondence to: Rupert SausgruberWe gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Austrian National Bank (Jubiläumsfonds under project no. 9134) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF under project no. P17029). We are grateful for comments by Ernst Fehr, Simon Gächter, Simon Hug, Arno Riedl, Frans van Winden and seminar participants at the Universities of Amsterdam, Erfurt, and St. Gallen.  相似文献   

20.
区域创新政策网络的全面参与,包括政策社群参与、专业网络参与、府际网络参与、生产者网络参与和议题网络参与。区域创新政策网络结构的优化强调网络高密度、网络中心均衡、凝聚子群力量约束和网络高协同性。区域创新政策网络的治理策略有行动者的选择、引入与激发,共同价值观的凝炼和培育,组织规则的明确与调适,以及利益冲突的妥善处理。  相似文献   

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