Real liquidity and banking

In an economy where banks take numeraire goods, so called money, as deposits, money allows depositors suffering preference shocks to withdraw from banks prematurely without liquidation of real investment. If real liquidity, defined as the real value of the monetary base, is low, the amount of payment liquidity, constrained by the velocity of money, limits the short-term price level of investment goods before banks can settle their long-term loan contracts. This leads to an attractive nominal long-term investment return and over-investment. Allowing for inside money, that is, bank deposits, to be used for payment can improve social welfare but cannot fully resolve the liquidity shortage problem as the short-term interest rate offered by banks is constrained by the threat of bank runs. In the presence of systemic liquidity shocks, the price-adjustment mechanism cannot take full effects with insufficient payment liquidity, which can lead to non-zero profits for banks. Exchanging investment goods for numeraire goods through international trade can improve social welfare.     

Capital and liquidity ratios and financial distress. Evidence from the European banking industry

Using a large bank-level dataset, we test the relevance of both structural liquidity and capital ratios, as defined in Basel III, on banks' probability of failure. To include all relevant episodes of bank failure and distress (F&D) occurring in the EU-28 member states over the past decade, we develop a broad indicator that includes information not only on bankruptcies, liquidations, under receivership and dissolved banks, but also accounts for state interventions, mergers in distress and EBA stress test results. Estimates from several versions of the logistic probability model indicate that the likelihood of failure and distress decreases with increased liquidity holdings, while capital ratios are significant only for large banks. Our results provide support for Basel III's initiatives on structural liquidity and for the increased regulatory focus on large and systemically important banks.     

The banking industry under uncertain monetary policy

The optimal loan decisions of banks are shown to be dependent on the banks' rational forecast of the future federal funds rate which in turn is related to the policy rule used by the Fed. Consequently, a change in the policy of the Fed will alter the reduced form model of the banking industry. This result brings into question the Fed's ability to predict and control the money stock under the procedure adopted by the Fed between October 1979 and September 1982.     

Aggregate liquidity shortages, idiosyncratic liquidity smoothing and banking regulation

This paper develops a model of banking fragility driven by aggregate liquidity shortages. Inefficiencies arise from a failure of the interbank market to smooth the available liquidity in such a shortage. We find that a standard lender of last resort policy is ineffective in restoring efficiency as it leads to offsetting changes in the banks’ supply of liquidity. In contrast, subsidizing the purchase of assets from troubled banks increases welfare by improving the banks’ liquidity holdings. The first best, however, is achieved by redistributing existing liquidity from healthy to troubled banks in a crisis.     

The liquidity impact on firm values: The evidence of Taiwan's banking industry

Liquidity plays an important role in financial markets, especially during a financial crisis. New Basel III regulatory framework highlights the importance of liquidity risk management implemented by financial institutions. Moreover, updated International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) require the improvements about fair value measurements and reinforce existing principles for disclosures about the liquidity risk associated with financial instruments. Using the liquidity discount model of Chen (2012), we are able to empirically classify Taiwan's financial institutions into three liquidity categories: safe, crisis contagious and vulnerable. Our findings can serve as an early warning signal for liquidity calamity. In addition, we investigate what factors affect firm-specific liquidity discounts for these institutions and conduct a sub-period analysis, which examines whether there is significant liquidity discounts changes before and after the 2008 financial crisis. We find that liquidity discounts change substantially during the financial crisis. Furthermore, we find that liquidity discounts can be attributed to some firm-specific performance.     

The liquidity of bank assets and banking stability

This paper shows that an increased liquidity of bank assets, paradoxically, increases banking instability and the externalities associated with banking failures. This is because even though higher asset liquidity directly benefits stability by encouraging banks to reduce the risks on their balance sheets and by facilitating the liquidation of assets in a crisis, it also makes crises less costly for banks. As a result, banks have an incentive to take on an amount of new risk that more than offsets the positive direct impact on stability.     

Auditor reputation and earnings management: International evidence from the banking industry

We examine the relation between auditor reputation and earnings management in banks using a sample of banks from 29 countries. In particular, we examine the implications of two aspects of auditor reputation, auditor type and auditor industry specialization, for earnings management in banks. We find that both auditor type and auditor industry specialization moderate benchmark-beating (loss-avoidance and just-meeting-or-beating prior year’s earnings) behavior in banks. In addition, we find that once auditor type and auditor industry specialization are included in the same tests, only auditor industry specialization has a significant impact on constraining benchmark-beating behavior. In separate tests related to income-increasing abnormal loan loss provisions, we find that both auditor type and auditor expertise constrain income-increasing earnings management. Again, in joint tests, only auditor industry expertise has a significant impact on constraining income-increasing earnings management.     

《物权法》将如何作用于银行业

2007年3月16日十届全国人大五次会议通过了《中华人民共和国物权法》(以下简称《物权法》),该法将于2007年10月1日施行.《物权法》通过总则、所有权、用益物权、担保物权、占有等专篇对物权有关内容作了系统规范,其中有关物权的确立、变更以及担保物权的诸多新规定对银行业将会产生重大影响.为了集中透视《物权法》对银行业的影响,下面结合银行业实际,仅就可能对银行业带来重大影响的若干重点规定作一介绍,并就银行的应对注意事项进行提示.     

现代商业银行操作风险及其管理机制探讨

操作风险管理一直是摆在商业银行面前的一个十分重要而紧迫的课题,操作风险事件纷繁复杂,比之于信用风险和市场风险更难以防范,然而操作风险管理也并非没有规律可循.本文从全面认识操作风险的内涵与特征入手,借鉴国际一流银行操作风险管理经验,通过连点成线,实施集成连贯的操作风险管理;点线结合,培育相互协作的内部关系和经纬交织的内部控制环境;定性和定量相结合,搭建有效的操作风险管理框架,构建起商业银行操作风险管理的长效机制.     

Disclosure policy and international banking

We develop general principles to guide the compulsory public disclosure of information about the financial condition of banks and apply these principles to three issues of particular relevance in international banking: (1) the disclosure of the country risk exposure of individual banks, (2) the rationale for hidden reserves, and (3) the disclosure of information regarding the availability to individual banks of emergency liquidity assistance. Our analysis shows why disclosure standards vary from country to country and why disclosure standards in the U.S. go well beyond the requirements elsewhere.     

IT集中对银行业软件需求管理的影响

IBM Rational把需求定义为“（正在构建的）系统必须符合的条件或具备的功能”。本文所讨论的软件需求，是指银行业各级业务管理部门组织相关人员根据客户要求、业务设想、操作需求等，依据一定的规范编写的格式化文档，又称业务需求说明书或需求规格说明书。     

Earnings management and auditor specialization in the post-sox era: An examination of the banking industry

This study examines the impact of auditor specialization on bank loan loss provisions for a large cross-section of US banks for the period 2002-2006. We find a positive relationship between earning (before provision) and loan loss provision, suggesting that bank managers use LLP to smooth earnings in the post-SOX period. However, this relationship is significantly moderated by audit industry expertise, providing strong evidence that industry specialization constrains income smoothing. In further analysis, we find some evidence that auditor specialization is more effective in reducing potentially incoming-increasing earnings management. Our results hold after controlling for self-selection bias and are robust to alternative measures of industry specialization. Overall, our findings support the conclusion that audit industry expertise plays an effective monitoring role in constraining management’s discretionary accounting choices.     

Corporate liquidity and dividend policy under uncertainty

We examine optimal liquidity (retained earnings) and dividend choice incorporating debt financing with risk of default and bankruptcy costs as well as growth options under revenue uncertainty. We revisit the conditions for dividend policy irrelevancy and the broader role of retained earnings and dividends. Retained earnings have a net positive impact on firm value in the presence of growth options, high external financing costs and low default risk. High levels of retained earnings enhance debt capacity but have a negative effect on equity value due to the likelihood of losing accumulated cash balances in case of default, unless offset by high external financing costs. Opposite directional effects of retained earnings on equity and debt create a U-shaped relation with firm value. The framework is extended to analyze management-shareholder conflicts, demonstrating that managers accumulate higher than optimal cash.     

Corporate liquidity and dividend policy under uncertainty

We examine optimal liquidity (retained earnings) and dividend choice incorporating debt financing with risk of default and bankruptcy costs as well as growth options under revenue uncertainty. We revisit the conditions for dividend policy irrelevancy and the broader role of retained earnings and dividends. Retained earnings have a net positive impact on firm value in the presence of growth options, high external financing costs and low default risk. High levels of retained earnings enhance debt capacity but have a negative effect on equity value due to the likelihood of losing accumulated cash balances in case of default, unless offset by high external financing costs. Opposite directional effects of retained earnings on equity and debt create a U-shaped relation with firm value. The framework is extended to analyze management-shareholder conflicts, demonstrating that managers accumulate higher than optimal cash.     

Economic policy uncertainty and bank liquidity hoarding

We examine the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on bank liquidity hoarding. We create a comprehensive measure of bank liquidity hoarding that takes into account asset-, liability-, and off-balance sheet activities. Using over one million bank-quarter observations, we find that in response to EPU, banks hoard liquidity overall and through all three components. This behavior is more pronounced for banks with less liquidity, more peer-bank spillover effects, and more EPU exposure. Additional analyses of interest rate spreads on several bank products suggest that our findings reflect at least in part bank choices, rather than just the reactions of customers.     

保险企业网银资金管理系统的设计与实现

近年来,中国保险业发展迅速,保费收入以平均每年35%左右的速度增长。面对规模日益庞大的保险资金,保险企业如何对其进行有效管理,使资金满足总公     

Foreign participation and banking competition: Evidence from the Indonesian banking industry

Foreign participation in Indonesian banking has expanded from the establishment of foreign de novo banks into the acquisition of existing local banks. The increase in foreign participation has therefore not been associated with a growing number of banks. This study aims to examine the competitive behavior of foreign and local banks as a competitive banking industry is important in boosting economic efficiency and economic growth. This study also examines the role of modes of entry of foreign banks on competition, either through the establishment of foreign de novo banks or the acquisition of local banks. The recent methodological refinements of the Panzar–Rosse method developed by Bikker et al. (2011) are employed to estimate the level of competition among local and foreign banks. Generally, the foreign banks, particularly foreign de novo banks behaved more competitively than local banks, and their penetration is therefore important in creating a contestable market. This study found that in terms of assets, on average foreign de novo banks were smaller, more efficient, and had lower overhead costs, so they could offer lower loan rates and disburse more loans. The recent consolidation in the Indonesian banking industry may have an adverse impact on competition as it restricts the establishment of foreign de novo banks.     

信息科技风险管理：银行业信息化建设的关口

从近年来时有发生的信息安全事件来看,与国外一流商业银行相比,国内大多数商业银行目前仍处于信息科技风险管理的初级阶段,在信息科技风险管理的管理理念、业务操作、技术平台以及人力资源配置等方面都面临挑战。这与当前严峻的信息科技风险管理形势形成较大反差。2009年3月,中国银监会正式印发了《商业银行信息科技风险管理指引》（以下简称《指引》）。《指引》紧密结合中国银行业实际,参考信息科技风险监管领域的最佳实践,     

Earnings management and market liquidity

The main purpose of this paper is to argue the extent that earnings management lowers disclosure quality. It should increase information asymmetry and impair trading liquidity. Using a large sample of NYSE firms from 1996 to 2001, we find evidence to suggest that firms which exhibit greater earnings management are associated with lower market liquidity. Our results are robust to both real and accounting based measures of earnings management and two well established measures of market liquidity. However, they are not consistent with the Easley et al. probability of informed trade measure.