Temporary Migration, Human Capital, and Language Fluency of Migrants

This paper investigates human capital investment of immigrants whose duration in the host country is limited, either by contract or by their own choice. The first part of the paper develops a model which distinguishes between temporary migrations where the return time is exogenous or optimally chosen. The analysis has a number of interesting implications for empirical work, some of which are explored in the second part of the paper. The analysis focuses on language capital and tests the hypothesis that country specific human capital investments are sensitive to the duration in the host country's labour market. The results show that the acquisition of language capital is sensitive to the intended duration in the host country.     

Migration under Asymmetric Information and Human Capital Formation

We study the migration of skilled workers, along with the skill acquisition incentives created by the prospect of migration. We trace out the dynamics of migration as foreign employers accumulate experience in deciphering the skill levels of individual migrants. It is found that migration by the relatively highly skilled is followed by return-migration from both tails of the migrant skill distribution; that the possibility of migration induces skill acquisition at home; that until the probability of discovery reaches its steady state equilibrium, migration consists of a sequence of moves characterized by a rising average skill level; and that migration of skilled workers can entail a home-country welfare gain.     

人力资本不平等与人力资本投资的生育率机制--基于面板数据联立方程模型的分析

人力资本不平等对人力资本投资有着重要的影响。分析了人力资本不平等通过生育率影响人力资本投资的机制。通过构建面板数据联立方程模型对我国省际数据的实证研究,发现人力资本不平等与人力资本投资之间存在很强的负相关。实证结果表明,当其他条件都相同时人力资本不平等程度越高的地区居民的生育率越高,而高生育率反过来阻碍人力资本投资,即生育率机制是显著的。     

人力资本与农村生育率间的互馈效应研究

我国农村生育率下降是政策强制下的被动过程,而通过加快农村人力资本积累可以促进农村生育率"自愿性"下降,加快农村经济发展。文章用理论与实证方法分析验证了人力资本与农村生育率间的互馈效应,结果表明,农村人力资本积累对农村生育率具有较强的抑制效应,而农村生育率下降可以带来农村人力资本积累量的增加,助推农村经济快速增长。     

Wage Inequality and Human Capital Formation under Migration Possibilities

I examine the problem in the relationship between wage inequality and human capital formation under migration possibilities. Unlike previous analyses, I incorporate the education market and the education price into the analysis, and assume that workers bear the pecuniary cost for receiving education. Given such an assumption, migration possibilities do not necessarily increase education demand since the larger demand for education raises the education price and lowers the net return on education. By modelling an economy where workers in the home country (the labour‐sending country) comprise skilled and unskilled workers and they can migrate to the foreign country (the labour‐receiving country), I show that brain gain and brain drain occur simultaneously in the home country. In particular, if wage inequality is larger in the foreign country than in the home country, skilled workers experience brain gain and unskilled workers experience brain drain in the home country. On the other hand, if wage inequality is sufficiently larger in the home country, brain drain occurs in skilled workers and brain gain in unskilled workers.     

Rural–Urban Migration,Substitutability of Human Capital and City Productivity: Evidence from China

Among the studies on the productivity effect of migration, the role of the substitutability of human capital between migrant workers and local workers has not received much attention. The elasticity of substitution is important for rural–urban migration in China, because there is a substantial difference in schooling quality between rural and urban regions and because there is imperfect competition in city labor markets. Using aggregate city‐level data from the 2010 China Population Census, we find that the positive effect of human capital on city productivity improves as the substitutability increases. Moreover, a grid‐search shows that the “best” estimate of the substitutability in China is between 2.1 and 2.5, far from being complete.     

劳动力流动、家庭收入与农村人力资本投入——基于CFPS微观数据的实证研究

该文利用2014年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,通过Probit模型与OLS模型实证分析了在不同收入水平下,劳动力流动对全国农村家庭人力资本投入的影响。结果表明,从全国范围的全样本看,农村家庭人均收入水平在7000元左右与26000元左右存在两个阶段"门槛",当农村家庭人均收入水平低于7000元左右时,劳动力流出将会显著地提高农村家庭进行教育投入的概率与投入力度;而当农村家庭人均收入水平介于二者之间时,劳动力流出将会减少农村家庭进行人力资本投入的概率,但有人力资本投资的家庭仍会显著提高家庭人力资本投入的力度。当农村家庭人均收入水平高于26000元左右时,劳动力流出将会显著地降低农村家庭进行教育投入的概率与投入力度。农村家庭生活的宽裕程度与农村劳动力就业选择种类的多少是造成农村家庭进行教育投入概率与投入力度变化的原因。     

人力资本、就业机会与我国农村劳动力迁移

具有较高人力资本的农村劳动力容易获得就业机会,农村剩余劳动力的迁移是实现农村城镇化,增加农民收入,提 高就业机会的必经之路。本文通过人力资本与就业机会的相关理论分析我国农村剩余劳动力迁移存在的问题及有效途径。     

Non‐Scale Endogenous Growth with R&D and Human Capital

This paper examines the conditions under which increasing knowledge, encapsulated in ideas for new technology through R&D and embodied in human capital through education, sustains economic growth. A general model is developed where, consistent with recent literature, growth is non‐scale (not increasing in population size) and endogenous (generated by factors within R&D and education). Recent models feature the counterfactual assumption of constant returns to existing knowledge and restrict the substitutability of inputs within R&D and education. We find that non‐scale endogenous growth is possible under less stringent conditions. The findings reconcile sustained economic growth with evidence of diminishing marginal returns in education and R&D, which suggests an ambiguous role for R&D policy.     

人力资本跨区迁入的影响因素分析

20世纪90年代我国人力资本的跨区迁入,明显地受到来自经济系统因素的影响。本文从经济的市场化角度利用因子分析方法得出,地区之间经济发展在整体水平上的差异和经济形态的多元化影响了人力资本的迁入,并且其影响的作用程度按高低排序依次为:港澳台经济发展因子、整体经济水平因子、经济多元化因子和国有经济发展水平因子。正是上述因素在地区之间发展的差异形成了人力资本迁入模式上的不同特征。     

劳动力迁移、人力资本与农业技术进步分析

采用比较分析法和数据包络分析法（DEA）,分析了劳动力迁移、人力资本与农业技术进步之间的关系。认为劳动力迁移有利于劳动力人力资本水平的提高;农业技术效率在短期内受到物质资本投入、劳动力素质等因素的强性约束。长期来看,约束因子会不断放松;劳动力迁移对迁入地的农业技术进步是有贡献的。     

Eagles and Turkeys: Human Capital Externalities,Departmental Co‐authorship and Research Productivity

Lucas (1988) hypothesised that human capital externalities explain persistent productivity growth and become manifest via interactions between workplace colleagues. Consistent with the first part of this hypothesis, Fox and Milbourne (2006) concluded that an increase in the average level of human capital in Australian economics departments raised the research productivity of departmental members. This paper tests the robustness of this finding by using a direct, rather than a proxy, measure of human capital and confirms the existence of human capital externalities within Australian economics departments. But we extend the analysis in two important dimensions. Firstly, we investigate the second part of Lucas' hypothesis by testing whether the externality becomes manifest via co‐authoring. We find no evidence that this type of interaction is associated with higher research productivity, especially for higher quality outputs. Secondly, we control for the likely endogeneity of one's peer group via instrumental variables estimation. In this case, we find that the peer group effect disappears completely for the highest quality outputs but remains for research output more broadly defined.     

社会资本、人力资本与经济增长

笔者采用截面数据回归分析法及时间序列数据协整分析法对中国社会资本的不同维度——信任和民间组织与人力资本、经济增长的关系进行实证研究。结果表明,我国社会资本通过影响人力资本而影响经济增长,人力资本是我国社会资本作用于经济增长的机制之一。     

School Education,Learning‐by‐Doing,and Fertility in Economic Development

We examine the policy implications of relaxing constraints on the educational choice of individuals for economic development. Distinguishing human capital accumulation through schooling and through learning‐by‐doing and knowledge spillovers, we show that in the earlier stages of development, mitigating and eventually eliminating constraints on school education would be necessary for even further economic development. Expanded school education increases the income of individuals and encourages physical capital accumulation, which enlarges productive knowledge through implementation and operations. The increased labor productivity thus boosts economic growth. In the process, the fertility rate will decline because of the increased education cost per child.     

劳动力市场分层与中国城乡人力资本转移

中国劳动力市场分层构成了对农村劳动力的歧视,并导致农村劳动力的人力资本投资收益率降低。歧视的存在降低了双方的受益,对农村转移劳动力的损害大于对城市劳动力的损害。在中国城市化的制度演变中,既要加强国家自上而下的强制性变迁,又要加强配套的制度安排。     

Migration,self‐selection and income distributions

Self‐selection in rural–urban migration is examined using three datasets from rural and urban China in 2002. We construct a migrant sample including both migrants who converted their hukou status from rural to urban (permanent migrants) and those who did not (temporary migrants). We find a strong positive selection for permanent migrants, but the selection for temporary migrants is ambiguous. We reach these conclusions by comparing migrants' counterfactual wage densities, assuming they are paid as rural local workers, to actual wage densities of rural local workers. Our results imply that permanent migration has negative effects on rural human capital accumulation and income levels.     

人力资本存量、人力资本结构与FDI互动关系研究

人力资本和外商直接投资（FDI）都是一国经济增长的驱动因素,但两者并不独立,而是互为补充的,东道国人力资本及其结构影响到一国吸收FDI的能力,同时FDI能够增加东道国的人力资本存量,改善人力资本结构。本文在分析两者之间关系的基础上,针对我国目前的情况,提出要加大我国的教育投资,提高人力资本水平,改善教育不平等观点来积极吸引FDI。     

人力资本、财务资本与资本结构：理论和实证

当今社会已经从工业经济迈进知识经济时代，现有以财务资本为研究对象的资本结构理论在解释咨询、高新技术等人力资本较为密集的公司时难免会捉襟见肘。视企业为财务资本与人力资本共同的投资组合是现代资本结构理论研究刻不容缓的任务。本文以现有财务资本结构的研究为基础，通过引入人力资本变量拓宽现代资本结构的内涵，构造债务、股权和人力资本三者之间相互关系和作用的数理模型，结合对我国计算机应用服务业的实证分析，得出结论和启示。     

Interregional Migration of Human Capital and Unemployment Dynamics: Evidence from Italian Provinces

Since the mid‐1990s interregional migration flows in Italy have dramatically increased, especially from the South to the North. These flows are characterized by a strong component of human capital, involving a large number of workers with secondary and tertiary education. Using longitudinal data for the period 2002–2011 at NUTS‐3 territorial level, we document that long‐distance (i.e., South‐North) net migration of high‐skill workers has increased the unemployment at origin and decreased it at destination, thus deepening North–South unemployment disparities. On the other hand, long‐distance net migration of low‐skill workers has had the opposite effect, by lowering the unemployment at origin and raising it at destination. Further evidence also suggests that the diverging effect of high‐skill migration dominates the converging effect of low‐skill migration. Thus, concerns for an ‘internal brain drain’ from Southern regions look not groundless.