Abuses of patent monopoly: A legal appraisal

The patent monopoly is abused when the economic and social objectives of the patent system are jeopardized by the behaviour of the patentee. The monopoly could be abused by: Insufficient disclosure of the invention; lack of use or inadequate use of the patented invention; and abusive practices in licensing agreements. The paper considers the legal remedies towards controlling abuses with especial emphasis on the compulsory licensing system. It shows that the compulsory licensing remedy has proved to be unsatisfactory and that a thorough re-examination of the subject, at the national and international levels, is called for, bearing in mind the needs of developing countries.     

金融体系结构与经济增长:对东亚国家的启示

金融体系结构对经济增长的作用是一个具有理论和现实意义的问题，直接影响到国家的政策选择。本文从此问题入手，比较了市场导向型金融体系与银行导向型金融体系在促进经济增长方面的作用机制的不同，对广大东亚国家来说，应该根据自身情况大力发展银行体系。     

An introduction to problems of economic development in the CMEA countries

Through the Asian financial crisis, many key international economic issues have come to the forefront the stability of the international financial system under the IMF, “Asian values”, the universal validity of the Asian Economic Development Model, China's leadership in the regional world economy, Japan's role in the region, and the immunity of Greater China from the current financial crisis. Currently, most Asian countries seem eager to redress structural problems involving the government sector, banking, and corporate governance. In the process of this full scale restructuring, Korea must reevaluate its economic relationship with Central Asia. This paper argues that Korean financial crisis stems basically from the system failure. Furthermore, since a small open economy carries with it intrinsic vulnerabilities, the government should be more careful in securing optimal foreign exchange, opening capital markets based on the economy's absorption capacity. In this respect, the banking industry should be run based on the profitability of capital. Once banking industries are distorted by the practice of government‐led policy loans, it is more difficult to correct those customized distortions. The banking industry should play a larger role as the “brain of the economy”, sensing abnormalities of the economy. Moreover, in today's increasingly interdependent global economic system, no single country can solve its problems without close coordination of its policy with the outside world. An early warning system to signal financial instability would help developing economies in modernizing and strengthening their domestic financial institutions and would also work as a supplement to the IMF standby fund. Also, human resource management has proven too important to be neglected. Central Asia could derive lessons from the above Asian “failure”, not the Asian “miracle”, to avoid inappropriate policies and to deepen its economic development.     

An economic appraisal of a South African producer co‐operative

In an earlier article in this journal, the authors analysed the financial results of a South African producer co‐operative over a ten‐year period. The study focused on the commercial viability of the cooperative in terms of the exigencies of the market place expressed in current prices. In the present study, cost‐benefit techniques are used to extend the analysis to an investigation of the economic viability of the co‐operative and an assessment of whether scarce financial and other resources have been misallocated. The concept of investment cost per Job is widened to include the cost of maintaining a Job. Various scenarios such as sales growth, lower wages and the benefits of government incentives were simulated to analyse the viability of the enterprise under differing conditions.     

In search for stability: An empirical appraisal of the demand for money in the G7 and EC countries

Summary The demand for money has been at the centre of monetary econometrics. The policy debate has focused on the stability issue. To investigate this the present paper presents an overview of 400 estimated demand-for-money equations in the EC countries and G7 member states taken from the literature. The results of this survey suggest, firstly, serious doubts on the stability of the demand for money and, secondly, a remarkable evolution in econometric methodology in an attempt to improve the statistical evidence. Thirdly and important from a policy perspective, the analysis of the reported standard errors of the equations shows that among the large European countries Germany has the most stable money demand.     

Female-male earnings differentials in the founder countries of the european economic community: An econometric investigation

Summary In this study an attempt was made to find out whether the female-male earnings differentials in the six founder countries of the EEC were caused by the differences in the work characteristics of the two groups or by a systematic bias against women. In cases where discrimination against women appeared to exist an estimate was made of its degree. It was found that in all countries considered, with the exception of the Netherlands, women had lower average earnings even after standardizing for their different work characteristics. In these countries a substantial part of the female-male earnings differential could not be explained by the differences in the work characteristics of women and could be attributed to other factors, among which sexual prejudice seemed the most likely.     

Overall trade specialization and economic development: countries diversify

This paper provides evidence for an aspect of trade often disregarded in international trade research: countries’ sectoral export diversification. The results of our semiparametric empirical analysis show that, on average, countries do not specialize; on the contrary, they diversify. Our results are robust for different statistical indices used to measure trade specialization, for the level of sectoral aggregation, and for the level of smoothing in the nonparametric term associated with per capita income. Using a generalized additive model (GAM) with country-specific fixed effects it can be shown that, controlling for countries’ heterogeneity, sectoral export diversification increases with income.

Openness and economic growth in developing countries

Openness and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. — Openness appears to have a strong impact on economic growth especially in DCs which typically exhibit a high share of physical capital in factor income and a low share of labor. In the neoclassical growth model with partial capital mobility, physical capital’s share in factor income determines the difference in the predicted convergence rates for open and closed economies. With a 60 percent share as in many DCs, the convergence rates should differ by a factor of 2.5. The regression results for a sample of open and closed DCs roughly confirm this hypothesis.     

Developing countries and the future of the automobile industry

This paper reassesses the controversial view which has assumed that, at some point in the future, the global automobile industry, having reached maturity, would naturally migrate to the leading developing countries where the markets are growing more rapidly and wages are substantially lower. The authors argue that the threshold facing a developing country seeking to establish a domestic automobile industry has risen because of two recent developments: the rise of Japan as a major automobile producer; and a new wave of technological and organizational innovation. This involves use of state-of-the-art microelectronics and flexible manufacturing system, as well as complete restructing of component supply resulting in considerable unit cost and lead-time advantages.The authors look at what these trends mean for both the OECD and the developing countries. They outline the conventional view in more detail and then present an alternative analysis of the evolution of the industry. New policy options for the developing countries are spotlighted.     

An impact of economic integration through trade: on business cycles for 10 East Asian countries

Many recent studies about East Asian countries discussed “natural” economic integration through trade, but there are few rigorous empirical studies on how their economies were affected by the evolution of economic integration within the region. This paper investigates the effect of bilateral trade dependence on the co-movement of business cycles for 10 East Asian countries. We find that economic fluctuations tend to be more synchronized within the region as trade interdependence among them deepens. This finding suggests the necessity of cooperative efforts to prevent or adjust unfavorable future economic crisis in East Asia.     

The economic benefits and costs of trademarks: Lessons for the developing countries

Trademarks may be credited with social benefits to the extent they identify quality for consumers. In particular, trademarks may reduce purchase errors and the costs people bear when attempting to avoid errors. However, several forms of social costs are associated with trademarks when trademarks (and the persuasive advertising promoting them) provide the sole or major source of quality identification for the product, and when grants of exclusive use to particular product sources protect the goodwill (or monopoly) rents that attach to trademarks. To maximize benefits and minimize costs, it is suggested that identification of quality and source be separated wherever possible.     

The patent system and the third world

Developing countries have been on the periphery of the patent system. Although 85 developing countries have patent laws, most of the larger countries are not members of the Paris Convention though their national laws tend to follow the main principles of that convention. The article indicates that in regard to many aspects of patent law, e.g., patentability, duration, fees, etc., there is considerable scope for improving patent legislation. Initiatives at the international level, culminating in the recent resolution of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Intergovernmental Group on Transfer of Technology, have established directions for a future revision of the system.     

东南亚国家的经济调整及其前景分析

金融危机后，东南亚各国政府积极采取措施，大力实施国内经济 且和调整，东南亚经济已走顾机阴影，进入恢复性增长阶段。但在世界经济周期波动的冲击和国内经济转型与结构调整的拖累下，短期前景不容乐观，东南亚经济复苏将是一个艰难曲折的过程。     

Multinational enterprises, regional economic integration, and export-platform production in the host countries: An empirical analysis for the US and Japanese corporations

Multinational Enterprises, Regional Economic Integration and Export-Platform Production in the Host Countries: An Empirical Analysis for the US and Japanese Corporations. — This paper analyzes determinants of export orientation of overseas affiliates of US and Japanese MNEs for the 1982–1994 period. The author contends that production geared to MNEs’ home market and that production oriented to third-country markets are determined by different factors. The empirical analysis finds the home-market-oriented production concentrated in countries that offer low-cost workforce, enjoy geographical proximity or preferential access to the home market. The location of third-country-market-oriented exports is influenced more by strategic factors such as participation in regional trading blocs and preferential access to major markets than factor costs considerations.     

The ec antidumping regulations: A first economic appraisal, 1980–85

Zusammenfassung Die Antidumpingregeln der EG: Eine erste Bewertung für die Jahre {dy1980} bis 1985. - Der Aufsatz enth?lt systematische Belege dafür, da\ die gegenw?rtigen GATT-konformen Antidumpinggesetze wie z. B. die entsprechenden EG-Bestimmungen einen stark protektionistischen Inhalt haben. Die Antidumpingma\nahmen, die einem durchschnittlichen Wertzoll von ungef?hr 23 vH entsprechen, vermindern die Importmengen um 40 vH. Die dadurch hervorgerufenen Renten erscheinen Firmen in Industriel?ndern als hoch, Firmen in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenl?ndern aber als niedrig. Einige Absprachen zwischen EG-Unternehmen scheinen „effizient” zu sein, wenn es darum geht, Protektion zu erlangen oder Marktstrukturen zu gestalten. Als Ergebnis ist festzuhalten, da\ L?nder, die eine Protektionspolitik verfolgen, anstelle von „freiwilligen Exportbeschr?nkungen” Antidumpingma\nahmen vorziehen sollten.

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Resumen El reglamento antidumping de las CC.EE.: una primera evaluación económica del período 1980–85. - Este trabajo provee evidencia sistemática que demuestra que los reglamentos antidumping actuates consistentes con el GATT, como el de las CC.EE., tienen un fuerte contenido proteccionista. Las medidas antidumping que representan un arancel ad valorem medio equivalente a aproximadamente un 23 por ciento redujeron las cantidades importadas en un 40 por ciento. Las rentas creadas parecen ser substanciales para empresas de los países industrializados, mas modestas para empresas de países en desarrollo o de los NICs. Algunas coaliciones de empresas de las CC.EE. parecen ser “eficientes” en cuanto a la obtención de protection y de influencia sobre las estructuras de los mercados. Como consecuencia, los países en búsqueda de protección prodrían preferir medidas antidumping en vez de “contingentes voluntarios de exportation”.

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Résumé Les règlements antidumping de la CE: Une première évaluation économique, 1980-85. - Cette étude fournit l’évidence systématique que les antidumping lois actuelles qui sont conformes aux règles de GATT telles que les règlements de la CE ont un contenu très protectioniste. Les mesures antidumping qui représentent un ad valorem équivalent de 23 pour cent en moyenne réduisent les importations (en volume) par 40 pour cent. Les profits créés sont hauts pour les entreprises aux pays industrialisés, mais modérés pour les entreprises aux PVD et aux NPI. Quelques coalitions des entreprises de la CE semblent être efficientes si elles veulent obtenir une protection et former la structure d’un marché. Le résultat est que les pays en faveur du protectionisme devraient préférer des actions antidumping aux restrictions volontaires à l’exportation.

     

Bangladesh's trade and economic relations with the socialist countries

After her independence in 1971, the economic relations between Bangladesh and the European socialist countries developed to a greater extent than before. But the socialist countries still remain relatively small trading partners of Bangladesh. Their share in the total aid received by the heavily aid-dependent Bangladesh has also not been very great. It is not possible to arrive at any precise estimate of the terms of trade and aid between Bangladesh and the socialist countries, but some rudimentary measurements show that they are unlikely to have been very different from those between Bangladesh and the rest of the world.