低碳国土空间规划：机理、方法与路径

研究目的：以碳循环过程与国土空间要素的耦合关系为切入点,提出面向全域全要素的低碳国土空间规划机理、多尺度规划方法与全过程规划路径,以期为双碳目标下的国土空间治理提供思路。研究方法：文献研究法和系统分析法。研究结果：（1）基于对“碳循环—空间要素”耦合关系的剖析,提出了低碳国土空间规划的“起点—原则—工具”机理;（2）构建了面向全域全要素的低碳国土空间规划方法,通过“三区—地类—地块—单元”的多尺度规划,实现对碳源汇“总量—结构—格局—强度”的多维度优化;（3）设计了全过程碳管制的低碳国土空间规划路径,通过“低碳目标引导—碳核算支撑—碳约束管控”,推动国土空间规划履行碳治理职能。研究结论：低碳导向的国土空间规划理论尚处于探索阶段,其指标体系、支撑技术及实证效果等仍需进一步深化,以实现从低碳理念的深入认知向规划设计的实用方法转变,助力我国实现?“碳达峰、碳中和”目标。     

面向城乡融合发展的县域国土空间规划：理论认知与实践探索

研究目的：探究如何借助国土空间规划这一政策工具助力县域城乡融合发展，以期深化和丰富城乡融合背景下县域国土空间规划的理论认知与实践创新。研究方法：文献资料法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）基于极化效应与扩散效应理论、“流空间”理论及互惠式城乡发展理论阐释了国土空间规划赋能县域城乡融合发展的理论认知，提出了以“参流构形—以形引流—形流耦合”为核心的县域国土空间规划实践逻辑；（2）基于区域差异，立足都市圈地区、大城市腹地及偏远地区的三个类型县域分别提出面向“一体化”、“郊区化”和“中心化”的国土空间治理实践路径。研究结论：城乡融合背景下空间治理的核心在于合理利用国土空间规划强化区域发展的扩散效应，引导城乡要素双向流动，以形成互惠共生的城乡网络体系，从而推动县域城乡融合发展。     

国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展的逻辑与路径

研究目的：国土空间规划落实城乡融合发展战略是高质量空间治理体系的核心目标之一，解析国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展存在的现实困境及其内在机理，进而提出可行的破解路径，为国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展提供破题思路。研究方法：归纳演绎法和逻辑推演法。研究结果：多尺度交互的空间网络不畅通和城乡空间多元价值难交换成为阻碍城乡融合发展的现实困境；国土空间规划与城乡融合发展在措施手段和目标体系的关联性上搭建了二者的衔接逻辑，空间一致性和互动性决定了二者衔接的现实可行性；优化城乡空间网络体系、创新空间用途管制体系、统筹城乡空间治理体系成为国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展的可行路径。研究结论：统筹协调国土空间规划“发展、公平与生态”三维目标和城乡“要素、结构与功能”融合的内在关系，落实城乡要素有序流通和公共资源均衡配置，将有利于完善国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展的内在机制。     

国土空间规划体系下土地要素市场配置：理论、机制与模式

研究目的：阐释市场或规划配置土地要素的现实困境与理论逻辑，揭示不同空间尺度下规划—市场协同配置土地要素的运行机制，并提出适应性模式，以求提升国土空间规划体系下土地要素市场配置的效能。研究方法：文献研究法、案例分析法、归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）单纯依赖规划或市场配置土地要素引发的现实困境呼唤规划—市场协同的新理论框架体系。（2）国土空间规划体系固有的尺度差异决定了规划—市场协同配置土地要素应在国家、区域、地方尺度分别统筹规划对象与市场手段，形成协同、平衡、匹配的运行机制。（3）国土空间规划体系下土地要素市场配置模式的核心是规划或市场主导的适应性，结合浙江省的实践提出土地指标跨区域交易引导、建设用地增减挂钩驱动、土地集约利用制衡等具体模式。研究结论：规划—市场协同的土地要素配置框架体系有助于推动国土空间治理体系和能力现代化，兼容实现区域协调、城乡融合、高质量发展和共同富裕的战略目标。     

数字生态文明时代国土空间规划转型

研究目的：探析数字生态文明时代国土空间规划转型趋势和路径,为国土空间规划治理提供参考。研究方法：理论分析法和逻辑推理法。研究结果：（1）空间规划顺应人类文明发展不断演替,农业文明、工业文明和生态文明阶段分别对应空间规划的思想萌芽期、繁荣发展期以及转型升级期。（2）新时代中国国土空间规划构建了“五级三类四体系”总体框架,划定了三条控制线,启动了国土空间规划实施监测网络（CSPON）建设,开展了规划标准体系的再构建。（3）数字生态文明时代“数字化”与“绿色化”特征推动国土空间规划的“数智化”与“数治化”转型。（4）为应对国土空间规划“数智化”转型挑战,应从建设规划实施制度体系、研发绿色智慧的国土空间治理决策模型、探索“两山论”双向转化路径等方面,深入推进国土空间规划“数治化”转型。研究结论：数字技术赋能生态文明将持续推动国土空间规划迈入智能化时代,国土空间规划的“数智化”技术转型与“数治化”治理转型将成为必然趋势。     

国土空间规划视域下土地发展权配置的理论思考

研究目的：在空间治理体系和治理能力现代化背景下,梳理土地发展权的概念内涵与实践演进,探讨国土空间规划对土地发展权配置的需求与响应路径。研究方法：文献资料法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）土地发展权是改变土地用途及开发利用强度的权利,是空间规划的核心对象。（2）土地发展权配置内涵可以解构为对象空间性、手段二重性、收益分配平衡性。（3）国土空间规划体系对发展权配置提出全新的需求：统筹全域、全要素、全流程;建立政府与市场互补的工具体系;优化部门协调、传导通畅的治理结构。（4）研究提出要构建以公共利益最大化为核心的“规模指标+空间分区+属性管控”初始配置体系;设计以“存量提效指标”与“增量流转指标”双轨制的跨区域、城乡统一土地发展权市场交易体系。研究结论：发展权配置是国土空间规划的“灵魂”,只有深化对土地发展权的理论认知,优化配置路径,才能有效保障国土空间规划的实施。     

国土空间规划与土地要素市场化配置：互动机制与融合路径

研究目的：深化国土空间规划体系下土地要素市场化改革的理论认识,揭示国土空间规划与土地要素市场化配置之间的融合机制与路径,助推国土空间治理能力与治理体系现代化。研究方法：文献研究法,归纳演绎法,综合分析法。研究结果：（1）国土空间规划体系与土地要素市场化机制均在中央与地方博弈过程中实现发展变迁,其中还伴随着土地发展权配置方式的变化。（2）国土空间规划与土地要素市场化配置之间存在着密切的互动关系,这种互动关系持续运转的过程就是两者有效融合的过程,可以促进“区域—要素”的互联互动,并增强国土空间可持续发展能力。（3）激发土地要素市场活力,构建全国统一的土地要素市场并优化土地收益分配格局,加强规划引领和数字化协同治理,完善“权—责—法”管理制度是规划与市场融合的有效路径。研究结论：实现土地要素高效配置和区域协调发展是国土空间规划与土地要素市场有效融合的最终目的,通过产权放活、多效供给、市场整合、收益共享、规划引导、智能管控以及权责法治的完善可以统筹规划与市场的作用,进而促进国土空间治理能力和治理体系的现代化。     

自然资源治理助力共同富裕：政策演进、 关键挑战与应对策略

研究目的：厘清自然资源治理的概念、内涵及其与共同富裕的关联逻辑,揭示自然资源治理在扎实推进共同富裕进程中存在的关键挑战,探索改革路径。研究方法：文献资料法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）自然资源治理的内涵包括可持续发展、效率公平兼顾、协同善治;（2）从目标、对象、价值、实践等维度提出了面向共同富裕的自然资源治理框架;（3）共同富裕视角下我国自然资源治理政策经历了“同步富裕”“差异富裕”“多维富裕”三个阶段;（4）自然资源治理在缩小区域、城乡、收入三大差距中,存在一系列体制机制问题,据此提出了优化发展权配置体系、健全城乡融合体制机制、深化有为政府与有效市场的有机结合、提高集约利用水平等改革策略。研究结论：自然资源治理与共同富裕存在紧密联系,亟需以三大差距为锚点,构建系统性与针对性的自然资源治理改革策略,以此强化国土空间治理体系与治理能力,助力共同富裕目标的实现。     

国土空间规划与土地要素市场化改革：引入“治理均衡器”和“电路图”的具象化协同机制设计

研究目的：本文引入“治理均衡器”和“电路图”对国土空间规划与土地要素市场化改革进行具象化分析,探讨规划和市场的互动机理,构建两者互动的协同机制,以便更好地发挥有为规划和有效市场的作用。研究方法：文献研究和电路分析。研究结果：（1）国土空间规划对土地要素市场的供给、需求和价格变动发挥调控和引导作用,而土地要素市场对国土空间规划具有基础性和支撑性作用;（2）国土空间规划与土地要素市场化改革的非均衡风险主要包括规划缺位或刚性过强导致的“断路”、市场失灵导致的“短路”和规划市场供需错位导致的“内耗”;（3）参考滑动变阻器、二极管、电磁继电器、选择开关等治理均衡器元器件,可以针对性设计出“刚性底线+弹性空间”、“规制调控+规范引导”和“规划均衡+市场决定”等治理协同机制。研究结论：通过引入“治理均衡器”和“电路图”分析框架,能够具象化地展现国土空间规划与土地要素市场化改革的互动机理和非均衡风险,进而通过“治理均衡器”元器件的选择,为不同情景下推进国土空间规划和土地要素市场化改革的统筹协同提供政策工具和治理手段,为协调两大改革的良性互动和整体推进提供参考和建议。     

以新时期国土空间规划落实区域重大战略——长三角一体化示范区的规划实践与探索

本文从空间统筹提升要素保障水平、规划协同推进区域一体化发展、空间治理保障规划有效实施等视角出发，结合《长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区国土空间总体规划（2021—2035年）》的编制情况和实践探索，总结提炼了跨区域国土空间规划和治理的示范经验。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.