Managerial Values and Practices Sharing Common Cultural Heritage: A Comparison of Cultural Values in Hong Kong,Taiwan and the People's Republic of China

ABSTRACT

This paper explores managerial values and practices in three rapidly growing economies in Asia: Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China. Differences and similarities in six cultural dimensions were investigated. Although participants in the present study share a common cultural heritage, their cultural values may be very different. Implications for cross-cultural research and practical applications are explored.     

城镇化背景下中国文化产品贸易的影响因素研究

文化建设是城镇化的重要内容,城镇化进程会从供给、需求、交流等方面促进中国文化产品贸易。结合贸易双方城镇化进程、文化产业投入等因素,基于扩展引力模型分析中国文化产品贸易的影响因素,结果表明:对象国城镇化进程、人口数量、人均GDP和信息技术水平对中国文化产品贸易有显著的正向影响,双方的地理距离则对其呈现显著的负向影响,同时,中国的信息技术水平对中国文化产品贸易也具有显著的正向促进作用。     

Cultural Differences and Similarities in Television Commercials in the Arab World and the United States

Understanding the nature and influences of cultural differences is central to international marketing. This article investigates cultural differences in television advertising between the United States and a select group of countries in the Arab world on the cultural dimensions of contextualization, individualism/collectivism, time orientation, and human perception of nature. The results indicate that while there are many differences between the United States and the Arab world, there are also similarities. The results indicate that there are also differences between the Arab countries, and the Arab countries should not be viewed as the same in certain situations.     

The Effect of Cultural Distance on International Marketing Strategy: A Comparison of Cultural Distance and Managerial Perception Measures

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to examine whether service convenience increases customer satisfaction that fosters customer loyalty in Indian commercial banks. A cross-sectional study of 352 retail banking customers through questionnaires was conducted. The population of the study is retail urban customers of banks in Rajasthan. Responses are analyzed using structural equation modeling. Dimensions of service convenience are decision convenience, access convenience, transaction convenience, benefit convenience, and postbenefit convenience. Decision convenience was found to influence customer satisfaction more than the other dimensions of service convenience. Customer satisfaction furthers customer loyalty. The article emphasizes the significance of SERVCON on customer satisfaction for the Indian banking sector. The direct impact of SERVCON on customer loyalty is also studied.     

论文化多元化背景下的和谐文化建设

文化多元化如同经济全球化一样,是当今世界文化发展中的一种不可逆转的客观趋势,是一种历史进程。在文化多元化进程中必须认识到不同文化模式会引起的各种形式的文化矛盾和冲突。鉴于西方文化思潮对社会主义文化建设的影响,顺应时代发展的潮流,推动民族文化发展与进步,建设和谐文化是民族文化发展的积极选择。     

理论旅行·公共意识·价值缺憾——中国语境下的“文化研究”再审视

“理论旅行”强调外来理论本土化过程中所面对的具体历史情境意义。中国语境下的“文化研究”建基于西方话语理论旅行与中国现象本土批评的双向互动过程。在它面对中国20世纪80—90年代的社会转型时,一方面有着批评介入的积极意义,但另一方面又误入了学科夺权的理论迷途。在对于“人”的根本意义的理解上,“文化诗学”则在洞察“文化研究”价值缺憾的同时提供了我们超越于它之上的一层更高的价值论启示。     

Cooperative Goals in the Chinese Work Environment: A Hong Kong Case Study

This research seeks to develop an understanding of how cooperative teamwork among Chinese employees impacts upon the customer perception of service in the Hong Kong ship-repair industry. The research model was based on the ‘Theory of Cooperation and Competition’, a western-derived theory. The model used included the Chinese values of power distance, collectivism and conformity. The results suggested the need to explore alternative processes that Chinese people may engage in in managing their conflict. We question whether the ‘goals’ or ‘ends’ based approach to the operation of teams inherent in the Theory of Cooperation and Competition, is valid in the Chinese context where ‘process’ and ‘relationship’ are pivotal.     

The Role of Culture in Creative Execution in Celebrity Endorsement: The Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACT

In advertising literature, an area rarely explored is cross-cultural studies on celebrity endorsements. A good deal may be learned from understanding how a culture's communication style can shape the type of advertising most effective for that culture. This study examines the creative styles (creative executional factors) found in the advertising of Korea and America. The two countries represent two distinct cultures—Korea being a collectivistic culture and the United States being individualistic. Both cultures affect the norms and rules that guide their inhabitants’ behavior, directly affecting communication styles. The study finds that embedded in the use of celebrity endorsement are cross-cultural characteristics. The details of these findings will be useful to international advertisers executing celebrity endorsement campaigns in different cultural settings.     

Survival of new firms in the Brazilian franchising segment: an empirical study

This paper investigates the survival patterns of Brazilian franchising firms for the period 1994–1999. First, we considered the (percentage) survival of newly created franchisors in the following years. Survival functions were obtained by means of the Kaplan–Meier estimator for the selected sectors and they indicated sharp declines in the survival rates over time but with differential patterns across sectors. Finally, an econometric analysis based on the Cox proportional hazard model considered the explanatory variables pertaining to size, age and support regarding the legal aspects, location choice and training. The evidence indicates that the supports provided by the franchisor have a positive impact on the probability of survival of new firms, whereas there is partial evidence favoring a positive effect of firm size on survival.     

中国入境旅游的文化差异效应测度研究——基于引力模型的分析

一般而言,不同国家或地区的旅游资源带有明显的文化特征,将文化距离指数这一变量纳入到引力模型中,能够估计文化差异对中国入境旅游影响的综合效应和影响程度。基于16个国家和地区连续8年的面板数据的估计结果表明:文化差异的确对中国的入境旅游有较大的影响,其综合效果是消极的,各国的自发旅游消费也存在较大的差异;此外,绝对地理距离、人均收入水平和中国的经济发展能力对入境旅游也有不同程度的影响。因此,中国在发展入境旅游业的过程中,应当综合考虑文化因素与经济因素的相互关系,合理运用文化要素,对入境旅游的开发和营销等工作进行有效规划。     

Determinants of brand equity in cultural organizations: the case of an art exhibition

The purpose of this research is two-fold. First, to explore the factors that help to create brand equity in cultural organizations from the visitor viewpoint and second, to examine the impact of cultural brand equity on visitor satisfaction as well as on future intentions. A model of the relationships is developed and empirically tested using data collected from visitors attending The Ages of Mankind cultural exhibition in Castilla and León, Spain. In the present study, evidence is found to support the propositions that brand equity is closely linked to the particular image it conveys, to the event's recognition, the quality of the exhibitions and the cultural values it transmits. Brand equity also impacts visitor perception of the most recent exhibition, as well as future intentions to attend or even pay an admission fee.     

The increasing internationalization of the international business classroom: Cultural and generational considerations

This article reviews the dynamic demographics of the international business classroom across five Anglo countries: the U.S.A., the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. Figures indicate that business education is becoming increasingly international, and that the countries of origin of international business students are changing. Cultural impacts of this increasing internationalization upon international business pedagogy—as well as issues of generational expectations of the classroom experience—are considered, benefits and challenges of the increased cultural diversity in the classroom are discussed, and practical suggestions for instructors teaching in future international business classrooms are detailed.     

江苏省文化贸易特色构建及挑战

江苏省文化贸易在政府产业政策推动下,出口总量及文化品牌打造初现成效,但同时又面临文化产品特色不明显的问题。江苏省如何在利用好现有丰富的文化资源情况下,避免同质化经营,做好文化产品的创新及衍生品开发,是其文化贸易持续发展必须解决的问题。     

Cultural Dimensions and Prototypical Criteria for Multi-Criteria Decision Support in Electronic Markets: A Comparative Analysis of Two Job Markets

Electronic markets are virtual meeting places where buyers and sellers interact to trade products or services. The main motivation for both buyers and sellers to participate in an electronic market is the desire to maximize their private utility (Bakos 1998). Electronic markets therefore usually provide some form of communication, decision or negotiation aid for buyers and sellers to support their utility maximizing goals. This paper presents a comparative analysis of two electronic job market case studies conducted at a university in Europe (Brussels, Belgium) and in the United States (Newark, New Jersey). At the occasion of the universities’ career fairs, students (n = 392) and local companies (n = 57) were invited to participate in an electronic job market to identify the best job offers (n = 137) and students, respectively. Participants were able to create personalized software agents to aid their search and decision making activities in the market. Every software agent was embedded with a multi-criteria decision support tool to produce a rank ordered list of students or job offers. Preference data gathered from market participants’ use of the multi-criteria decision model allow us to construct relational preference structures using a technique based on the mathematical theory of fuzzy relations (Bandler and Kohout 1980). These preference structures express relationships among the criteria that students and companies have used to identify job offers and companies, respectively. The purpose of the paper is to present the communicative and cultural implications of these relational preference structures. The theories of Hofstede (1983), Hall (1977) and Trompenaars (1993) on cultural dimensions allow us to discuss cultural differences on the choice of prototypical criteria. The paper concludes with implications for the use of electronic markets in the staffing industry and the role of software agents in such job markets.     

Global production sharing and trade in the services of factors

This article develops an approach to measuring the factor content of trade when intermediate inputs are traded, and techniques differ for reasons such as factor price differences. An empirical section documents the importance of intermediates and shows that they mitigate cross-country differences in the factor content of finished goods. The performance of recent models of factor service trade is also evaluated. Existing approaches impute the factor content of imported intermediates with domestic techniques and tend to overstate how well those models perform. The framework developed here can help reconcile general-equilibrium trade models with actual patterns of trade.     

山东省文化产业的SWOT分析

山东省是中华文明的重要发祥地之一,被誉为"齐鲁之乡、礼仪之邦"。在文化产业发展方面,山东省具有的优势是文化资源丰富,经济实力雄厚,政府支持力度大;存在的劣势是区域内部差异明显,文化产业人才匿乏,文化资源市场化能力较弱;面临的机遇是国家政策的大力扶持,各类博览会的推介契机;面对的挑战是消费需求旺盛,经济文化全球化的冲击。大力发展山东省文化产业,要培养文化人才,优化产业结构,完善产业价值链条,深化管理体制改革,根据文化产业不同类别,积极吸收社会资本和外资参与国有文化企业的股份制改造,形成多种所有制共同发展的文化产业格局,从而推动山东省文化产业加快市场化进程。     

传统村落生态文化资源创造性转化研究

本文立足微观角度,着重论证三点:一是出发点,即人民群众对乡村文旅消费需求与文旅产品供给现状;二是切入点,即传统村落生态文化资源转化的矛盾与问题;三是关键点,即传统村落文旅产品价值链的主要与辅助活动规律。本文希望为推进传统村落文旅产业化的实践提供智力支持。     

论我国文化产业政府规制法律体系的完善

我国文化产业政府规制立法取得了长足进步,但还存在规制法律缺失较多、规制立法的部门利益保护色彩较重、在法制功能上重保障、轻促进及有些法律规范缺乏针对性和可操作性等问题。因此,应当明确文化产业政府规制立法的基本原则,构建文化产业政府规制法律的科学体系,理顺文化产业规制主体的职权关系,多层面扶持和促进文化产业发展,并注重国内法与国际法的衔接,多管齐下,完善我国文化产业政府规制法律体系。     

非WTO国际法规范适用于WTO文化贸易的可行性——以中美文化产品案的法律适用问题为视角

WTO法律体系不是一个封闭的法律怪圈,非WTO国际法规范在理论上具有适用于WTO案件的可能性与必要性,在实践中WTO争端解决机构也曾适用非WTO国际法规范解决成员方的贸易争端。适用的渊源包括一般法律原则和国际条约,适用的方式包括直接适用和"作为解释的证据和材料"。而中国在中美文化产品案中的败诉凸显出WTO的文化贸易立法不具自足性,无法保证成员有效维护本国文化主权。在WTO现有文化贸易立法之外,存在适用《文化多样性公约》等非WTO国际法规范的可行性。认识到这一点,对于处于国际文化贸易弱势地位的中国具有另辟蹊径的现实意义。     

中国文化贸易的决定因素——基于分类文化产品的面板数据考察

中国文化进口主要集中于综合国力较强的发达国家,而且绝大多数文化产品进口受到出口国市场容量大小的影响,如建筑和设计、珠宝等,但受中国购买力水平影响较小;中国绝大多数文化产品出口受进口国购买力水平影响较为明显;中国文化生产效率的提高可促进其他视觉艺术、珠宝、电影和录像、建筑和设计等文化产品的出口,但对中国文化进口的影响并不明显;除古董进口及其他视觉艺术的出口以外,中国绝大多数文化产品的进、出口与距离变量呈负相关关系;自由贸易区可以促进中国绝大多数文化产品的进、出口.