The effect of property taxes on urban areas

The effects of property taxes on urban areas are studied relative to a local wage tax. The changes in urban population and in the consumption and price of housing are determined in cities with various types of production sectors. Distortions in the composition of housing and residential density patterns are also reported. Examples are constructed to quantify the size of the changes and test whether property taxes are capitalized into land values.     

Determinants of urban population density functions: a procedure for efficient estimates

A model of urban population density functions is proposed that uses all available data on densities in urban areas. "This model postulates that population density at each census tract in each city is determined by city size, transportation costs, land supply, income and age of city." The model is applied to data on cities in Israel.     

土地财政与最优城市规模

土地是有限的,完全依靠土地收入的发展模式是不可持续的。本文主要考察土地财政作为地方政府的一种融资渠道,城市建设用地规模的使用是否与城市人口规模的增加相协调,是否存在过度扩张城市面积促进地区经济发展的现象。为了分析土地出让收入(地租)、公共品供给以及城市规模之间的关系,本文以乔治亨利定理为基础,并引入林达尔均衡条件建立起最优城市人口密度理论模型。采用1999～2009年31个省面板数据对中国城市成本收益模型进行计量分析,结果表明全国26个省低于估算的最优城市人口密度,验证了中国存在城市面积的扩张与人口的增加不协调发展的情况。     

Topographical constraints and urban land supply indexes

This paper develops and applies a method for measuring the extent to which large bodies of water restrict urban land supply. The amount of land available for urban use is the sum of weighted annular areas, net of water, around the urban center. The weights exponentially decrease toward zero with distance from the center at a rate determined by the population density gradient. The method of measurement and the weights are derived from the theory of a monocentric city with a perfectly competitive land market. The method is applied to calculate land supply indexes for the 40 most populous U.S. urban areas in 1980, and indexes over time for two land-filled urban areas. Such indexes can be constructed to account for restrictions imposed by mountains and by zoning. They are useful in empirical studies of land, housing, transportation, and population density.     

Urban housing density and the price of housing services

Theoretical research has shown that urban housing density, defined as housing services per unit of land, is an increasing function of the price of housing services. However, this concept of density hides as well as provides information because housing services per unit of land equals the product of housing services per dwelling unit and dwelling units per unit of land. This paper proves that housing density, defined as dwelling units per unit of land, can vary either directly or inversely with the price of housing services.     

地价在北京市城市扩张中的作用

诸多因素导致了北京城市的快速扩张,其中土地价格是重要因素之一.力图通过研究阐明土地价格对城市土地开发利用的基本作用规律,并结合北京市城市土地扩张特点,分析土地价格在城市扩张中助推等作用的表象和原因,提出完善土地价格及其调控机制的路径和对策.     

A switching regression analysis of urban population densities

An application of the switching regression technique in the field of urban economics is presented. The technique is applied to the study of urban population density functions, which recent research has suggested are inherently discontinuous. The method of switching regression developed by Quandt is used to estimate density functions for selected U.S. urban areas. The results show that population density contours are highly irregular, and also that the model selection approach can be used to select the number of regimes in a switching model when this number is unknown     

城市商品住宅价格水平影响因素研究

商品住宅价格问题是社会关注的焦点问题.以全国35个重点城市1999年-2005年数据为基础,研究城市住宅价格水平的影响因素.研究显示,代表城市经济发展水平和居民收入水平、单位面积土地投入、城市区位和城市环境等侧面的职工平均工资、单位面积固定资产投资、人均铺装道路面积、距海岸线的距离、通过城市的国道数量、建成区绿化覆盖率这6个因素是影响城市住宅价格水平的主要因素.可以预期,当一个城市的这些因素发生相对变化和绝对变化的时候,城市的住宅价格水平必然会发生相应的变化.阳光充足、水资源丰富、交通便捷的近海地区城市的商品住宅价格变动幅度会由于经济发展、人口增加、区住条件进一步优化、投入加大等各种条件的较大变化而高于其他城市.     

我国城市化进程中的宏观调控问题

我国目前正处于城市化高峰时期,为协调有序地实现城市化进程,避免先行国家走过的历史弯路,必须以科学发展现为指导,切实加强宏观调控,作者对中国城镇化的相关宏观问题──最终城镇化目标和最终城镇人口总量问题,实现最终城市化目标的时间跨度问题,城市人口密度与城市建设用地问题,城市规模和城市数量问题,城市布局的空间选择问题,调控政策和调控机制建设问题等进行了讨论.     

土地政策改革时期的城市空间发展:北京的实证分析

论文探讨北京城市空间发展的特征、并探究空间发展的特征与正在发展壮大的土地市场和土地制度改革之间的关系.利用1993年到2000年上半年北京城市建设区土地使用权出让数据,实证分析显示土地价格及土地开发密度都随着距城市中心区的距离增加呈下降趋势.实证分析还表明地租的曲线的空间变化与土地使用类型相关.这些实证证据支持如下结论:正在形成的土地市场确实影响城市土地开发和空间形态.实证分析还显示地租曲线的斜率和土地-资本替代弹性系数都随着时间的推移而变化.正如城市经济理论所预测,地租曲线斜率的下降是由于北京大量的交通投资降低了交通成本,从而又反过来使城市土地地租空间变化曲线发生旋转.土地-资本替代弹性指数的增加意味着价格影响土地开发密度.这两者的变化都反映出北京的土地市场正走向成熟.应该指出,在土地市场之外(在行政划拨的土地上)进行的大量开发对北京正在形成和发育的土地市场会产生扭曲.     

城市地价分类管理研究

指出我国城市土地市场是国家垄断为主的一级市场与自由竞争的二级市场并存的二元结构,提出城市地价分类管理的基本思想,深入剖析地价体系中存在的基准地价缺陷、标定地价作用不充分以及市场机制形成土地价格不完善等问题,分别对一级、二级市场地价管理的目标和平台进行设计,初步构建基于分类管理的新的地价体系.     

城市地价空间结构分析——以太原市为例

地价是近来各界关注的热点问题之一,文中在对城市地价空间结构进行理论讨论的基础上,分析了太原市城市地价空间结构问题,指出基于成交价的地价空间分布和基于2004年太原市基准地价的空间结构不符,并讨论了成因与地价空间结构的演变趋势。     

城市增长控制:实证研究与理论模型

综合了40多年来关于城市增长控制的研究成果,从实证分析角度的总结认为,城市增长控制会改善社区质量,提高城市区的土地价格和住房价格;从城市空间理论角度分析了城市增长控制的理论模型,理论模型可以解释实证结果,城市增长控制会提高城市土地所有者的地租,同时住房价格的提高会减少消费者的其他消费,从而会损坏消费者(尤其是租户)的利益.     

太原市城市地价空间分布的影响因素分析

城市地价空间分布的形成是一个复杂的过程,是多种因素共同作用的结果。本文在运用DPS软件、arcGIS软件绘制基于采集的地价样本数据与2004年太原市公布的基准地价的地价空间分布图基础上,对影响地价空间分布的因素进行了分析,提出经济发展形势、城市规划、区域定位是影响太原市城市地价空间变化的重要因素。     

太原市城市地价空间分布的影响因素分析

城市地价空间分布的形成是一个复杂的过程,是多种因素共同作用的结果。本文在运用DPS软件、arcGIS软件绘制基于采集的地价样本数据与2004年太原市公布的基准地价的地价空间分布图基础上,对影响地价空间分布的因素进行了分析,提出经济发展形势、城市规划、区域定位是影响太原市城市地价空间变化的重要因素。     

Land and residential property markets in a booming economy: New evidence from Beijing

Beijing's housing market has boomed over the last fifteen years. The city's population grew by 40.6% and per capita income (in constant RMB) by 273.9% from 1991 to 2005. Using two geocoded data sets, we present new evidence on the real estate price gradient, land price gradient, population densities, and building densities in Beijing's recent free housing market. The classic urban monocentric model's predictions are largely upheld in Beijing. We also document the importance of local public goods, such as access to public transit infrastructure, core high schools, clean air, and major universities, most of which have exogenous locations, as important determinants of real estate prices.     

The elasticity of substitution in urban housing production: A VES approach

Many of the models which have been developed to explain urban spatial structure and land-use patterns rest on the properties of production functions. Differing factor price ratios within urban areas, particularly land prices, result in capital-land ratios exemplified by high-rise apartments and single-family dwellings. The purpose of this paper is to explore a new functional form for the housing production function. Specifically, a variable elasticity of substitution production function is proposed and some preliminary empirical evidence is provided using data for single-family housing.     

城镇地价动态监测的方法研究

本文探讨了利用城镇基准地价评估、清产核资、日常地籍管理等有关资料并补充调查地价监测样点资料 ,运用拉氏价格指数建立城镇分类地价指数 ,并用以调整土地级别和基准地价及分析、预测地价变化的基本方法。     

Numerical solution of urban residential land-use models

Many recent papers have made drastic simplifications in urban residential land-use models, presumably for analytic tractability. In this one, numerical solutions to models embodying varying assumptions of substantive importance are obtained. These solutions are compared with estimated characteristics of 1950 residential population density functions. The comparisons suggest that a CES production function for housing with an elasticity of substitution of land for structures of 0.75 agrees more closely with observed 1950 characteristics than does the Cobb-Douglas function so commonly used for analytic simplicity. Assuming a constant marginal transport cost for commuters at all distances from the Central Business District (CBD), however, yields results agreeing somewhat better with 1950 characteristics used for comparison than does the more complicated model embodying congestion in commuter transport.     

低碳城市发展地域系统优化研究：以上海临港新城为例

城市地域系统的结构决定了城市低碳发展的基础。在反思传统城市地域系统规划低碳发展的局限性基础上,以临港新城低碳城市地域系统优化案例为研究对象,对空间结构、土地利用、交通体系等城市地域系统核心构成要素进行低碳优化分析。研究指出低碳城市地域系统在空间结构上具有高密度、高容积率、高层的紧凑型特征,多中心的梯级空间格局,分散组团式的空间开发;集约化、多样化的复合功能的土地开发;公共交通导向的走廊式空间规划,发达的小地域空间道路体系等特点。